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Das komplexe regionale Schmerzsyndrom bei Kindern

Complex regional pain syndrome in children

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Zusammenfassung

Das komplexe regionale Schmerzsyndrom (CRPS) ist im Erwachsenenalter eine häufige und gut definierte Entität. Lange Zeit wurde angenommen, dass es im Kindesalter nicht vorkommt. Kasuistiken und Studien der letzten Jahre haben aber gezeigt, dass das CRPS auch in dieser Altersgruppe beschrieben wird.

Bei Kindern sind überwiegend Mädchen im Pubertätsalter betroffen. Meist tritt das CRPS nach einem initialen Ereignis – in der Regel ein Bagatelltrauma – auf und die Beschwerden werden an der unteren Extremität beschrieben. Da sich der Befund weder radiologisch noch laborchemisch objektivieren lässt, wird die Diagnose durch die Beschreibung des klinischen Beschwerdebildes gestellt. Dabei ist es von großer intra- und interindividuellen Variabilität geprägt.

Das therapeutische Konzept basiert auf intensiver Physiotherapie, Schmerzbehandlung und einer begleitenden Psychotherapie, wobei der Physiotherapie die größte Bedeutung zukommt. Der Heilverlauf kann sehr variabel sein. Trotz oft sehr langer Anamnesen ist die Prognose fast in allen Fällen mit einer Ausheilung verbunden. In bis zu 30% werden Rezidive beschrieben, die eine andere Ausprägung und Lokalisation zeigen können.

Abstract

While complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a well-established entity in adults, its occurrence in children was doubted for a long time. However, in the last few years several case reports and some comparative studies have described CRPS in children and adolescents.

In contrast to adults most of the involved children are female, suffering from CRPS after an initial event that is typically a minor trauma. Furthermore, CRPS occurs more frequently in the lower extremity than in the upper extremity when compared to adults. Since neither radiological findings nor laboratory parameters are able to confirm CRPS, the diagnosis is made from a detailed description of the clinical signs and symptoms characterized by a remarkable intra- and inter-individual variability.

The treatment concept is comprised of intensive physical therapy, pain management and psychological therapy, physical therapy having the major impact. In spite of a sometimes long and variable clinical course the prognosis in most cases is excellent and usually results in complete functional restoration. Nevertheless, relapses are described in up to 30% and can involve other locations or present in a different fashion regarding clinical symptoms.

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Fitze, G. Das komplexe regionale Schmerzsyndrom bei Kindern. Unfallchirurg 114, 411–416 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-011-1964-3

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