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Implantatfreier Ersatz des vorderen Kreuzbandes in Double-bundle-Technik

Eine modifizierte Operationstechnik nach Pässler

Implant-free replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament with the double bundle technique

A modification of Pässler’s operation technique

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Zusammenfassung

Mit der Rekonstruktion der beiden Hauptanteile des vorderen Kreuzbandes (VKB) können die anatomischen Ansätze und das Dehnungsverhalten besser abgebildet werden. Biomechanische Untersuchungen und intraoperative Messungen mittels Computernavigation belegen eine Verbesserung der Stabilität, v. a. im Hinblick auf die Rotation. Nach wie vor wird die Bedeutung des posterolateralen (PL-)Bündels auch in klinischen Studien sehr kontrovers diskutiert. Für die Verbesserung der Rotationsstabilität wird auf bewährte Grundlagen wie eine gelenknahe Verankerung verzichtet, was die Primärstabilität herabsetzt und die Gefahr von Tunnelerweiterungen zur Folge hat. Die zusätzliche Verwendung von Interferenzschrauben erhöht den Materialaufwand und die Kosten beträchtlich, Revisionsoperationen werden zur Herausforderung.

In diesem Beitrag wird eine implantatfreie Operationstechnik zur anatomischen Doppelbündelrekonstruktion vorgestellt, die eine gelenknahe femorale Verankerung beider Bündel des VKB mit hoher Primärstabilität gewährleistet. Im Sinne der von Pässler beschriebenen Technik werden die gedoppelten Sehnen am freien Ende mit je einem Knoten versehen und in flaschenhalsartigen Bohrkanälen im Femur fixiert. Die Kanäle werden mit üblichen Offsethaken und Zielbohrgeräten angelegt. Die Sehnen werden mit Mersilenbändern von proximal nach distal eingezogen, sodass die Grazilissehne als posterolateraler Anteil und die Semitendinosussehne als anteromediales (AM-)Bündel verwendet wird. Die tibiale Verankerung erfolgt in 20 bzw. 40° Flexionsstellung nach Vorspannung über einer Knochenbrücke.

Die Vorteile der Technik liegen in der gelenknahen, implantatfreien Verankerung, die dünnen Bohrkanäle zeigen keinerlei Erweiterung, es besteht ein optimaler Sehnen-Knochen-Kontakt. Revisionsoperationen sind problemlos möglich. Die Technik ist kostengünstig und ermöglicht die anatomische Doppelbündelrekonstruktion. Als Nachteile sehen wir die tibiale gelenkferne Fixierung, die jedoch klinisch keine negativen Auswirkungen hat. Die Sehnenpräparation hat eine gewisse Lernkurve und kostet Transplantatlänge. Die beiden Bohrkanäle am Femur haben sich bisher nicht als nachteilig erwiesen.

Abstract

Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using the double bundle technique provides better covering of the anatomic insertion site areas and fiber length change behavior. Biomechanical studies and intraoperative measurements with computer navigation systems document increased stability in particular due to rotational stability. To date the impact of the posterolateral bundle is questioned and clinical studies have reported divergent outcomes. In favor of enhanced rotational stability, some techniques leave the basic principles of aperture or central graft fixation, decreasing primary stability and running the risk of tunnel widening especially on the femoral site. Additional use of interference screws means increased implants and costs and bone void in cases of revision is challenging.

A technique for anatomic double-bundle reconstruction without the use of implants is presented, which allows for femoral aperture fixation with high primary stability of both bundles. In terms of the knot/press-fit technique of Paessler in the U-shaped tendons, a knot is created at the free end, which serves as a rigid press-fit anchoring in bottleneck shaped femoral drill holes at the insertion site of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles. The drill holes are prepared in flexion of 110–115° using common offset and target drill devices. Mersilen tapes are applied to introduce the grafts from femoral to tibial and to fix the tendons over a bony bridge on the tibial site after preconditioning. The gracilis tendon mimics the posterolateral bundle and is fixed in 20° of flexion, the semi- tendinosus tendon is used for the anteromedial bundle and is fixed in 40° of flexion.

The advantages of the presented technique are the central, rigid femoral anchoring without hardware, the thin bone tunnels which show no tunnel widening and allow for an optimal bone tendon contact to enhance bony ingrowth. The technique is cost-efficient and provides anatomic double bundle reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. The sacrifice of hardware ensures easy revisions. The disadvantages are the peripheral tibial fixation, the preparation of the tendons needs tendon length and the creation of tendon knots providing high stability requires practice. The two femoral bone tunnels have proved to be safe regarding the stability of the lateral femoral condyle.

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Boszotta, H. Implantatfreier Ersatz des vorderen Kreuzbandes in Double-bundle-Technik. Unfallchirurg 113, 549–554 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-010-1830-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-010-1830-8

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