Zusammenfassung
Bei über einem Viertel polytraumatisierter Patienten liegt bereits bei der Aufnahme im Schockraum eine Koagulopathie vor. Sie erhöht das Sterblichkeitsrisiko um das 4-fache. Klinisch für die Diagnosestellung am bedeutsamsten ist die Feststellung einer mikrovaskulären Blutung. Wichtigste Labortests sind die Bestimmung von Fibrinogen, aPTT und Quickwert sowie die Thrombelastometrie. Voraussetzung für eine erfolgreiche Gerinnungstherapie sind die schnellstmögliche Stillung von Blutungen sowie die Behandlung der Hypothermie, Azidose und Hypokalziämie. Die anzustrebenden Zielwerte für Thrombozytenzahl, Fibrinogen, Quick und aPTT sind etabliert. Für den optimalen Einsatz der zur Verfügung stehenden Maßnahmen ist die Verwendung eines Transfusions- und Gerinnungsalgorithmus entscheidend, um den Transfusionsbedarf zu reduzieren und das Behandlungsergebnis zu verbessern. Eine Hyperfibrinolyse sollte frühzeitig erkannt werden, da in dieser Situation die alleinige Gabe von Gerinnungsfaktoren ineffektiv ist. Die Fibrinogengabe korrigiert den zuerst kritisch abfallenden Gerinnungsfaktor, verbessert die globalen Gerinnungstests und senkte in einzelnen Studien die Sterblichkeit. Die erforderliche Dosis (3–5 g) kann über eine Formel berechnet werden. Für die Gabe von Frischplasma wird ein Verhältnis zu transfundierten Erythrozytenkonzentraten von 1:1 oder mindestens 20–40 ml/kg empfohlen. Ein klarer Wirksamkeitsnachweis bzgl. des Überlebens konnte bisher nicht geführt werden, Risiken beinhalten eine unzureichende Fibrinogensubstitution und eine transfusionsbedingte Lungenschädigung (TRALI). Die Zielwerte für die Thrombozytengabe hängen von der Blutungsakuität, dem Verletzungsmuster (z. B. Hirnverletzung) und der klinischen Blutungsneigung ab. Der Faktor VIIa bleibt als Off-label-rescue-Therapie Blutungen vorbehalten, die trotz optimierter Rahmenbedingungen und Ausschöpfung der Standardtherapie nicht zu kontrollieren sind.
Abstract
More than 25% of poytraumatized patients present in the emergency department with a coagulopathy which results in a 4-fold increase in mortality. The detection of microvascular bleeding is the major clinical indicator. Measurement of fibrinogen, activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time as well as thrombelastometry are required. A prerequisite for the substitution of coagulation factors and platelets is an immediate surgical control of bleeding and correction of hypothermia, acidosis and hypocalcemia. The goals for platelet count, fibrinogen, PT and aPTT are well established. The use of an algorithm for transfusion and coagulation management results in optimized therapy and improved outcome. Substituted coagulation products are only effective if hyperfibrinolysis has been corrected before. The administration of fibrinogen corrects the coagulation factor that is critically reduced earliest, improves global coagulation tests and reduced mortality in some studies. The dose required (3-5 g) can be calculated by a formula. Fresh frozen plasma is given in a 1:1 ratio to red blood cells or at least 20-40 ml/kg body weight. A clear advantage for survival has not yet been shown and some of the risks include insufficient substitution of fibrinogen and transfusion-related acute lung injury. Goals for the administration of platelet concentrates depend on the acuity of bleeding, injury pattern (e.g. head trauma) and clinical signs of microvascular bleeding. Factor VIIa remains an off-label rescue therapy if bleeding persists despite optimization of preconditions and specific coagulation management.
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Interessenkonflikt
Dr. Klaus Görlinger weist darauf hin, dass er Honorare für wissenschaftliche Vorträge von den Firmen CSL Behring, Novo Nordisk, LFB, Pentapharm, Diagnostica Stago, Triolat und Instrumentation Laboratories erhalten hat.
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Waydhas, C., Görlinger, K. Gerinnungsmanagement beim Polytrauma. Unfallchirurg 112, 942–950 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-009-1681-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-009-1681-3