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Das chronische rezidivierende Kompartmentsyndrom

Chronic relapsing compartment syndrome

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Zusammenfassung

Das chronische rezidivierende, belastungsabhängige Kompartmentsyndrom betrifft nicht nur den Leistungssportler, sondern führt zunehmend auch beim Gelegenheitssportler zu belastungsabhängigen Schmerzen im Unterschenkel. Die Erhöhung des intramuskulären Drucks in einem geschlossenen osteofibrösen Raum führt zu typischen Schmerzen im Unterschenkel, die sich in Ruhe erst allmählich zurückbilden. Die Diagnosesicherung erfolgt bislang durch die invasive Messung des Kompartmentdrucks vor und nach Belastung. Beschrieben werden erstmals sonographische Kriterien eines erhöhten Kompartmentdrucks, die beim anterioren Kompartmentsyndrom über eine Kompression der im Kompartment gelegenen Venen, zu einer vermehrten arteriellen Wandbewegung bis hin zum spätdiastolischen Verschluss der A. tibialis anterior führen. Duplexsonographisch lassen sich wesentliche Differenzialdiagnosen und pathogenetisch zu diskutierende Faktoren wie das popliteale und anteriore Entrapmentsyndrom, Gefäßverschlüsse oder die Hypoplasie einzelner Unterschenkelarterien oder Thrombosen der Muskelvenen erfassen. Vielfach berichten die Patienten über eine jahrelange Anamnese, vergebliche Arztbesuche und eine zunehmende Einschränkung ihrer sportlichen Aktivität. Das Wissen um Pathogenese, Symptomatik, Diagnostik und Therapie des chronischen, belastungsabhängigen Kompartmentsyndroms soll dazu beitragen, den Leidensweg der sportlich ambitionierten Patienten zu verkürzen.

Abstract

Chronic relapsing exertional compartment syndrome is not only found in young athletic subjects. Non-athletic patients can also suffer from exercise dependent pain in the lower limb. The syndrome is defined by increased tissue pressure in between a closed osteo-fibrous space resulting in disturbed microcirculation and finally irreversible neuroischemic damage. Pain increases during running and disappears gradually at rest. The diagnosis is based on the typical symptoms and so far on the pre-, 1 and 5 min post exercise intramuscular pressure measurement. We first describe sonographic criteria induced by increased compartment pressure, especially for the most frequent anterior compartment syndrome with compression of the deep veins, increased movement of arterial wall and finally enddiastolic closure of the anterior tibial artery. Duplex ultrasound also provides pathogenetic factors like popliteal and anterior entrapment, stenosis or hypoplasia of the anterior tibial artery or thrombosis of the deep muscle veins. Many patients are reporting a pain history over years, resulting in complete reduction of their sporting activity. The knowledge about pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis and therapy should help shorting the negative impact of the syndrome on their quality of life.

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Correspondence to H. Stiegler.

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Stiegler, H., Brandl, R. & Krettek, C. Das chronische rezidivierende Kompartmentsyndrom. Unfallchirurg 112, 373–380 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-009-1619-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-009-1619-9

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