Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Differenzialdiagnose einer Anämie wird durch eine gleichzeitig bestehende Leukopenie und Thrombozytopenie wesentlich bestimmt.
Ziel der Arbeit
Erworbene primär hämatopoetische Erkrankungen mit Knochenmarkversagen werden beschrieben.
Material und Methoden
Differenzialdiagnose, diagnostische Kriterien, Therapie und Behandlungsergebnisse der schweren aplastischen Anämie (SAA) und des myelodysplastischen Syndroms (MDS) werden dargestellt.
Ergebnisse
Pathophysiologisch liegt der SAA eine immunvermittelte Zerstörung hämatopoetischer Stammzellen zugrunde. Die Therapie der SAA stützt sich auf die allogene hämatopoetische Stammzelltransplantation (HSZT) und die immunsuppressive Therapie (IST). Das Ansprechen auf IST erfolgt verzögert und kann erst nach 3 bis 6 Monaten beurteilt werden. Das MDS ist morphologisch durch die ineffektive Hämatopoese und Dysplasien der 3 Zellreihen gekennzeichnet. Es geht im Kindesalter meist mit einem hypozellulären Knochenmark einher. Während beim niedriggradigen hypoplastischen MDS mit normalem Karyotyp eine IST sinnvoll sein kann, ist beim MDS im Kindesalter in der Regel eine frühzeitige HSCT indiziert.
Schlussfolgerungen
Anamnese und Untersuchungsbefund sind für die Differenzialdiagnose der Panzytopenie richtungweisend. Ein, abgesehen von Blutungszeichen, unauffälliger Untersuchungsbefund und die Abwesenheit von Blasten im peripheren Blutausstrich können auf das Vorliegen einer SAA oder eines MDS hinweisen. Zur Diagnose dieser erworbenen Panzytopenien ist eine Untersuchung des Knochenmarks mit Stanzbiopsie und zytogenetischen Analysen notwendig. Bei professioneller Diagnostik und Therapie können ca. 90 % der Patienten mit SAA oder niedriggradigem MDS mithilfe von HSZT oder IST langfristig überleben. Beim fortgeschrittenen MDS kann die HSZT ca. die Hälfte der Kinder und Jugendlichen von ihrer hämatopoetischen Neoplasie heilen.
Abstract
Background
In the differential diagnosis of anemia, concomitant leukopenia and thrombocytopenia are important indications for the presence of a bone marrow failure syndrome.
Aim
This article describes acquired primary hematopoietic diseases with bone marrow failure.
Material and methods
The differential diagnosis, diagnostic criteria, therapy and outcome in severe aplastic anemia (SAA) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in childhood are presented.
Results
The pathophysiology of SAA is based on immunological destruction of hematopoietic stem cells. Therapy consists of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or immunosuppressive therapy (IST). Response to IST is delayed and can only be evaluated after 3–6 months and MDS is characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and dysplasia of the three cell lineages. In childhood, the bone marrow in MDS is often hypocellular. In low-grade MDS an IST can be useful, while in all forms of MDS in childhood it is strongly recommended to perform HSCT early in the clinical course.
Conclusion
Careful history taking and physical examination are essential for guiding the diagnosis of pancytopenia. Apart from signs of bleeding, a normal physical examination and the absence of blasts on peripheral blood smears can lead to a suspected diagnosis of SAA or MDS. For definite diagnosis a bone marrow examination with biopsy and cytogenetic analysis are mandatory. With up to date diagnostics and therapy approximately 90 % of patients with SAA or low-grade MDS can achieve long-term survival. At the same time HSCT can cure about half of the children and adolescents with advanced MDS.
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Interessenkonflikt. C. Niemeyer, B. Strahm geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
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Niemeyer, C., Strahm, B. Anämien mit Panzytopenie. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 163, 39–46 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-014-3189-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-014-3189-3