Zusammenfassung
Abhängig von der Sportart hat Leistungssport geschlechtsspezifische Auswirkungen auf die hormonelle Entwicklung und das Wachstum von jugendlichen Athleten. Bei gewichtsassoziierten Sportarten wie Kunstturnen, Eiskunstlaufen und Ballett treten Störungen des normalen Pubertätsverlaufs und des Wachstums besonders bei Mädchen auf. Der Begriff „Athletinnentrias“ beschreibt einen Symptomkomplex aus einer Essstörung mit niedriger Nahrungsaufnahme, Amenorrhö und einer Osteoporose. Trainingsbeginn, Belastungs- und Leistungsspitzen sind bei Jungen und Mädchen in den einzelnen Sportarten unterschiedlich verteilt und haben – abhängig von der Art des Sports – unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägte Auswirkungen auf den Hormonhaushalt.
Abstract
In sport disciplines in which lean body mass is required for better performance, such as gymnastics, figure skating, and ballet, disturbances of pubertal development and growth of young athletes may be present, occurring in females more often than in males. The term “female athlete triad” describes the combination of amenorrhea, osteoporosis, and an eating disorder with low caloric intake. The start of high-intensity training, the training load, and the age of peak performance vary not only from sport to sport but also between girls and boys. Therefore, the impact of high-intensity training on growth and pubertal development differs depending on the nature of the sport.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Literatur
Apter D (2003) The role of leptin in female adolescence. Ann NY Acad Sci 997: 64
Blum WF, Englara P, Hanisch S et al. (1997) Plasma leptin levels in healthy children and adolescents: dependence on body mass index, body fat mass, gender, pubertal stage, and testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 2904–2909
Caine D, Lewis R, O’Connor P et al. (2001) Does gymnastics training inhibit growth of females? Clin J Sports Med 11: 260–270
Christ ER, Zehnder M, Boesch C et al. (2006) The effect of increased lipid intake on hormonal responses during aerobic exercise in endurance-trained men. Eur J Endocrinol 154: 397–403
Courteix D, Rieth N, Thomas T et al. (2007) Preserved bone health in adolescent elite rhythmic gymnasts despite hypoleptinemia. Horm Res 68: 20–27
De Souza MJ, Williams NI (2005) Beyond hypoestrogenism in amenorrheic athletes: energy deficiency as a contributing factor in bone loss. Curr Sports Med Rep 4: 38–44
Feingold D, Hame SL (2006) Female athlete triad and stress fractures. Orthop Clin North Am 37: 575–583
Frisch RE, Revelle R (1970) Height and weight at menarche and hypothesis of critical body weights and adolescent events. Science 169: 397–398
Georgopoulos NA, Theodoropoulou A, Leglise M et al. (2004) Growth and skeletal maturation in male and female artistic gymnasts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 4377–4382
Helge EW, Castrup IL (2002) Bone density in female elite gymnasts: impact of muscle strength and sex hormones. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34: 174–80
Ishigaki T, Koyama K, Tsujta J (2005) Plasma leptin levels of elite endurance runners after heavy endurance training. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 24: 573–578
Jaffré C, Courteix D, Dine G et al. (2001) High-impact loading training induces bone hyperresorption activity in young elite female gymnasts. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 14: 75–83
Jurimäe J, Purge P, Jürimäe T (2007) Effect of prolonged training period on plasma adiponectin in elite male rowers. Horm Res 39: 519–523
Mäestu J, Jürimäe J, Jürimäe T (2005) Monitoring and performance in rowing. Sports Med 35: 597–617
Prouteau S, Pelle A, Collomp K et al. (2006) Bone density in elite judoists and effects of weight cycling on bone metabolic balance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38: 694–700
Ryan J (1996) Little girls in pretty boxes. The making and breaking of figure skaters and elite gymnasts. Doubleday, USA
Stoving RK, Vinten J, Handberg A et al. (1998) Diurnal variations of the serum-leptin concentration in patients with anorexia nervosa. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 48: 761–768
Sungot-Borgen J (1994) Eating disorders in female athletes. Sports Med 17: 176–88
Theintz GE, Howald H, Weiss U et al. (1993) Evidence for a reduction of growth potential in adolescent female gymnasts. J Pediatr 122: 306–313
Vicente-Rodriguez G, Dorado C, Ara I et al. (2007) Artistic versus rhythmic gymnastics: effects on bone and muscle mass in young girls. Int J Sports Med 28: 386–393
Warren MP, Goodman LR (2003) Exercise-induced endocrine pathologies. J Endocrinol Invest 26: 873–878
Weimann E (2002) Gender-related differences in elite gymnasts: the female athlete triad. J Appl Physiol 92: 2146–2152
Weimann E, Blum WF, Witzel C et al. (1999) Hypoleptinemia in female and male elite gymnasts. Eur J Clin Invest 29: 853–860
Weimann E, Witzel C, Schwidergall S et al. (2000) Peripubertal perturbations in elite gymnasts caused by sport-specific training regimes and inadequate nutritional intake. Int J Sports Med 21: 210–215
Wunder DM, Yared M, Bersinger NA et al. (2006) Serum-leptin and C-reactive protein levels in the physiological spontaneous menstrual cycle in reproductive age women. Eur J Endocrinol 155: 137–142
Interessenkonflikt
Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Weimann, E. Hormonstörungen bei Leistungssport treibenden Jugendlichen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 156, 39–46 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-007-1656-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-007-1656-9