Literatur
Wahn V, Bialek R, Böhler T et al. (1998) Empfehlungen zur antiretroviralen Therapie bei HIV-infizierten Kindern. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 146: 1081–1091
Niehues T, Wintergerst U, Funk M, Notheis G für die Konsensusgruppe der Pädiatrischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft AIDS (PAAD) (2001) Empfehlungen zur antiretroviralen Therapie bei HIV-infizierten Kindern – Vollständig überarbeitetes und aktualisiertes Konsensus-Statement der Pädiatrischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft AIDS (PAAD) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Infektiologie (DGPI). Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 149: 1372–1382
Dunn D, HIV Paediatric Prognostic Markers Collaborative Study Group (2003) Short-term risk of disease progression in HIV-1-infected children receiving no antiretroviral therapy or zidovudine monotherapy: a meta-analysis. Lancet 362: 1605–1611
The European Collaborative Study (1994) Natural history of vertically acquired human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Pediatrics 94: 815–819
Berk DR, Falkovitz-Halpern MS, Hill DW (2005) Temporal trends in early clinical manifestations of perinatal HIV infection in a population-based cohort. JAMA 293: 2221–2231
Nachman SA, Stanley K, Yogev R et al. (2000) Nucleoside analogs plus ritonavir in stable antiretroviral therapy-experienced HIV-infected children: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 338 Study Team. JAMA 283: 492–498
van Rossum AM, Fraaij PL, de Groot R (2002) Efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected children. Lancet Infect Dis 2: 93–102 Review
Kline MW (2003) Human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22: 1085–1087
Khanlou H, Yeh V, Guyer B, Farthing C (2005) Early virologic failure in a pilot study evaluating the efficacy of therapy containing once-daily abacavir, lamivudine, and tenofovir DF in treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients. AIDS Patient Care STDS 19: 135–140
Saez-Llorens X, Nelson RP Jr, Emmanuel P et al. (2001) A randomized, double-blind study of triple nucleoside therapy of abacavir, lamivudine, and zidovudine versus lamivudine and zidovudine in previously treated human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. The CNAA3006 Study Team. Pediatrics 107: E4
Wells CJ , Sharland M, Smith CJ et al. (2002) Triple nucleoside analogue therapy with zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC) and abacavir (ABC) in paediatric HIV London South Network (PHILS-NET) cohort. XIV International AIDS Conference. Barcelona, Spain, July 7-12, Abstract TuBeB4625
Moyle GJ (2003) Where now for Trizivir? Role of the triple-NRTI pill post-ACTG 5095. AIDS Read 13: 223–224, 227, 244. Review
Feinberg J (2003) Meeting notes from the 2nd International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Trizivir vs. efavirenz: results from ACTG 5095. AIDS Clin Care 15: 78–79
Kline MW, Blanchard S, Fletcher CV et al. (1999) A phase I study of abacavir (1592U89) alone and in combination with other antiretroviral agents in infants and children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 330 Team. Pediatrics 103: e47
Hughes W, McDowell JA, Shenep J et al. (1999) Safety and single-dose pharmacokinetics of abacavir (1592U89) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43: 609–615
Luzuriaga K, McManus M, Mofenson L, Britto P, Graham B, Sullivan JL, PACTG 356 Investigators (2004) A trial of three antiretroviral regimens in HIV-1-infected children. N Engl J Med 350: 2471–2480
Wiznia A, Stanley K, Krogstad P et al. (2000) Combination nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor(s) plus nevirapine, nelfinavir, or ritonavir in stable antiretroviral therapy-experienced HIV-infected children: week 24 results of a randomized controlled trial--PACTG 377. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 377 Study Team. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 16: 1113–1121
de Martino M, Tovo PA, Balducci M et al. (2000) Reduction in mortality with availability of antiretroviral therapy for children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children and the Italian National AIDS Registry. JAMA 284: 190–197
Starr SE, Fletcher CV, Spector SA et al. (1999) Combination therapy with efavirenz, nelfinavir, and nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 382 Team. N Engl J Med 341: 1874–1881
Starr SE, Fletcher CV, Spector SA et al. PACTG 382 Study Team. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (2002) Efavirenz liquid formulation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 21: 659–663
McKinney RE Jr, Johnson GM, Stanley K et al. (1998) A randomized study of combined zidovudine-lamivudine versus didanosine monotherapy in children with symptomatic therapy-naive HIV-1 infection. The Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 300 Study Team. J Pediatr 133: 500–508
Englund JA, Baker CJ, Raskino C et al. (1997) Zidovudine, didanosine, or both as the initial treatment for symptomatic HIV-infected children. AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) Study 152 Team. N Engl J Med 336: 1704–1712
Chantry CJ, Byrd RS, Englund JA et al. (2003) Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 152 Study Team. Growth, survival and viral load in symptomatic childhood human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22: 1033–1039
Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) (2002) Comparison of dual nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitor regimens with and without nelfinavir in children with HIV-1 who have not previously been treated: the PENTA 5 randomised trial. Lancet 359: 733–740
Lemberg DA, Palasanthiran P, Goode M, Ziegler JB (2002) Tolerabilities of antiretrovirals in paediatric HIV infection. Drug Saf 25: 973–991 Review
de Martino M, Tovo PA, Balducci M et al. (2000) Reduction in mortality with availability of antiretroviral therapy for children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children and the Italian National AIDS Registry. JAMA 284: 190–197
Funk MB, Linde R, Wintergerst U et al. (1999) Preliminary experiences with triple therapy including nelfinavir and two reverse transcriptase inhibitors in previously untreated HIV-infected children. AIDS 13: 1653–1658
Krogstad P, Wiznia A, Luzuriaga K et al. (1999) Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected infants and children with the protease inhibitor nelfinavir mesylate. Clin Infect Dis 28: 1109–1118
Aboulker JP, Babiker A, Chaix ML et al. (2004) Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS. Highly active antiretroviral therapy started in infants under 3 months of age: 72-week follow-up for CD4 cell count, viral load and drug resistance outcome. AIDS 18: 237–245
Saez-Llorens X, Violari A, Deetz CO et al. (2003) Forty-eight-week evaluation of lopinavir/ritonavir, a new protease inhibitor, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 22: 216–224
Cvetkovic RS, Goa KL (2003) Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Drugs 63: 769–802 Review
Luzuriaga K, Bryson Y, McSherry G et al. (1996) Pharmacokinetics, safety, and activity of nevirapine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. J Infect Dis 174: 713–721
Luzuriaga K, Bryson Y, Krogstad P et al. (1997) Combination treatment with zidovudine, didanosine, and nevirapine in infants with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 336: 1343–1349
Verweel G, Sharland M, Lyall H et al. (2003) Nevirapine use in HIV-1-infected children. AIDS 17: 1639–1647
Tudor-Williams G et al. (2002) Baby Cocktail! A protease-sparing 4 drug combination for symptomatic infants, XIV International AIDS Conference .Barcelona, Spain, July 7–12, Abstract MoOrB1129
Teglas JP, Quartier P, Treluyer JM et al. (2001) Tolerance of efavirenz in children. AIDS 15: 241–243
Engelhorn C, Hoffmann F, Kurowski M et al. (2004) Longterm pharmacokinetics (PK) of Amprenavir (APV) in combination with delavirdine (DLV) in HIV-infected children. AIDS 18: 1473–1475
Watson DC, Farley JJ (1999) Efficacy of and adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Pediatr Infect Dis J 18: 682–689
Reddington C, Cohen J, Baldillo A et al. (2000) Adherence to medication regimens among children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 19: 1148–1153
Sharland M, Blanche S, Castelli G et al. (2004) PENTA guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy, 2004. HIV Med 5 [Suppl 2]: 61–86
Persaud D, Zhou Y, Siliciano JM, Siliciano RF (2003) Latency in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: no easy answers. J Virol 77: 1659–1665
Melvin AJ, Lewis PF, Mohan KM et al. (2002) Efficacy and toxicity of antiretroviral therapy using 4 or more agents: application of a strategy for antiretroviral management in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156: 568–573
Van Rompay KK, Matthews TB, Higgins J et al. (2002) Virulence and reduced fitness of simian immunodeficiency virus with the M184V mutation in reverse transcriptase. J Virol 76: 6083–6092
Turner D, Brenner BG, Routy JP et al. (2004) Rationale for maintenance of the M184V resistance mutation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase in treatment experienced patients. New Microbiol 27 [2 Suppl 1]: 31–39
Lawrence J, Mayers DL, Hullsiek KH et al. (2003) Structured treatment interruption in patients with multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 349: 837–846
Church JA, Hughes M, Chen J et al. (2004) Long term tolerability and safety of enfuvirtide for human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 23: 713–718
Lalezari JP, Henry K, O’Hearn M et al. (2003) Enfuvirtide, an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor, for drug-resistant HIV infection in North and South America. N Engl J Med 348: 2175–2185
Lazzarin A, Clotet B, Cooper D et al. (2003) Efficacy of enfuvirtide in patients infected with drug-resistant HIV-1 in Europe and Australia. N Engl J Med 348: 2186–2195
Croom K, Keam S (2005) Tipranavir: a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor. Drugs 65: 1669–1677
Cooper D, Hicks C, Cahn P et al. (2005) 24-Week RESIST Study Analyses: the Efficacy of Tipranavir/Ritonavir Is Superior to Lopin.avir/Ritonavir, and the TPV/r Treatment Response is Enhanced by Inclusion of Genotypically Active Antiretrovirals in the Optimized Background Regimen Authors and Affiliations: 12. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 22.–25.2.2005 in Boston, USA, Poster 560
Johnson M, DeJesus E, Rodriguez C et al. (2005) The influence of baseline protease inhibitor mutations on the efficacy of Ritonavir-boosted Atazanavir, Atazanavir plus Saquinavir, and Lopinavir/Ritonavir in patients who have experienced virologic failure on multiple HAART regimens. 12. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 22.–25.2.2005 in Boston, USA, Abstrakt 711
Kiser J, Rutstein R, Aldrovandi G et al. (2005) Pharmacokinetics of Atazanavir/Ritonavir in HIV-infected Infants, Children, and Adolescents: PACTG 1020A. 12. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 22.–25.2.2005 in Boston, USA, Poster 767
Rutstein R, Samson P, Aldrovandi G et al. (2005) Effect of Atazanavir on Serum Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels in HIV-infected Infants, Children, and Adolescents: PACTG 1020A , and PACTG 1020A Study Team. 12. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 22.–25.2.2005 in Boston, USA, Poster 774
Miller V, Sabin C, Hertogs K et al. (2000) Virological and immunological effects of treatment interruptions in HIV-1 infected patients with treatment failure. AIDS 14: 2857–2867
Lawrence J, Mayers DL, Hullsiek KH et al. (2003) Structured treatment interruption in patients with multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 349: 837–846
Gibb DM, Duong T, Leclezio VA et al. (2004) Immunologic changes during unplanned treatment interruptions of highly active antiretroviral therapy in children with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 23: 446–450
Williams I AD, Babiker A et al. (2004) A virological benefit from an induction/maintenance strategy: the FORTE trial. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, Poster 564
Mentre F, Duval X, Rey E et al. (2005) Prospective trial to evaluate how therapeutic drug monitoring of protease inhibitors increases virologic success and tolerance of HAART (COPHAR-2 ANRS111 trial). 12. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 22.–25.2.2005 in Boston, USA, Poster 639
Haubrich R, Best B, Witt M et al. (2005) Determinants of the need for therapeutic drug monitoring: rates and predictors from CCTG 578. et al. 12. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 22.–25.2.2005 in Boston, USA, Poster 640
Gonzalez de Requena D, Bonora S, Canta F et al. (2005) Atazanavir Ctrough is associated with efficacy and safety : definition of therapeutic range. 12. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 22.–25.2.2005 in Boston, USA, Poster 645
Burger D, Bergshoeff A, De Groot R et al. (2004) Maintaining the nelfinavir trough concentration above 0.8 mg/l improves virologic response in HIV-1 infected children. J Ped 145: 403–405
Schieferstein C, Buhk T, Management von Nebenwirkungen. http://www.hiv.net/2010/buch/nw.htm
Farley J, Gona P, Crain M et al. (2005) Prevalence of elevated cholesterol and associated risk factors among perinatally HIV-infected children (4–19 years old) in Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 219C. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 38: 480–487
Jaquet D, Levine M, Ortega-Rodriguez E et al. (2000) Clinical and metabolic presentation of the lipodystrophic syndrome in HIV-infected children. AIDS 14: 2123–2128
Cheseaux JJ, Jotterand V, Aebi C et al. (2002) Hyperlipidemia in HIV-infected children treated with protease inhibitors: relevance for cardiovascular diseases. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 30: 288–293
Bergersen BM, Sandvik L, Bruun JN, Tonstad S (2004) Elevated Framingham risk score in HIV-positive patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: results from a Norwegian study of 721 subjects. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 23: 625–630
Bozette S, Ake C, Tam H et al. (2003) Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients treated for human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 348: 702–710
Sabin C, Morfeldt L, Friis-Moller N et al. (2005) Changes over time in the use of antiretroviral therapy and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the D:A:D study. 12. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 22.–25.2.2005, Boston, USA. Poster 866
McComsey G, Bhumbra N, Ma JF et al. (2003) Impact of protease inhibitor substitution with efavirenz in HIV-infected children: results of the First Pediatric Switch Study. Pediatrics 111: e275–e281
Fisac C, Fumero E, Crespo M et al. (2005) Metabolic benefits 24 months after replacing a protease inhibitor with abacavir, efavirenz or nevirapine. AIDS 19: 917–925
European Paediatric Lipodystrophy Group (2004) Antiretroviral therapy, fat redistribution and hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected children in Europe. AIDS 18: 1443–1451
Carr A, Miller J, Law M, Cooper DA (2000) A syndrome of lipoatrophy, lactic acidaemia and liver dysfunction associated with HIV nucleoside analogue therapy: contribution to protease inhibitor-related lipodystrophy syndrome. AIDS 14: F25–F32
Chene G, Angelini E, Cotte L et al. (2002) Role of long-term nucleoside-analogue therapy in lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 34: 649–657
Ribera E, Paradineiro J, Sauleda S et al. (2005) Improvement of subcutaneous fat, lipid profile, and parameters of mitochondrial toxicity in patients with peripheral lipoatrophy when Stavudine is switched to tenofovir: the Lipotest study (2005). 12. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 22.–25.2.2005 in Boston, USA, Poster 860
Vigano A, Giacomet V, Beretta S et al. (2005) Switching to Stavudine to Tenofovir and Protease Inhibitor to Efavirenz results in a favorable clinical outcome in HIV-infected children. 12. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 22.–25.2.2005 in Boston, USA, Poster 770
Church JA, Mitchell WG, Gonzalez-Gomez I et al. (2001) Mitochondrial DNA depletion, near-fatal metabolic acidosis, and liver failure in an HIV-infected child treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. J Pediatr 138: 748–751
Vigano A, Mora S (2004) Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy: focus on bone density. Expert Opin Drug Saf 3: 199–208
Giacomet V, Mora S, Cafarelli L et al. (2005) A 12-Month Treatment with Tenofovir Does Not Result in Bone Mineral Loss in HIV-infected Children. 12. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 22.–25.2.2005 in Boston, USA, Abstract 51a
Paterson DL, Swindells S, Mohr J et al. (2000) Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 133: 21–30
Van Dyke RB, Lee S, Johnson GM et al., Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Adherence Subcommittee Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 377 Study Team (2002) Reported adherence as a determinant of response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in children who have human mmunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatrics 109: e61
Giacomet V, Albano F, Starace F et al. (2003) Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and its determinants in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a multicentre, national study. Acta Paediatr 92: 1398–1402
Farley, Hines S, Musk A et al. (2003) Assessment of adherence to antiviral therapy in HIV-infected children using the Medication Event Monitoring System, pharmacy refill, provider assessment, caregiver self-report, and appointment keeping. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 33: 211–218
Sturmer M, Doerr HW, Preiser W (2003) Variety of interpretation systems for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genotyping: confirmatory information or additional confusion? Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord 3(4): 373–382. Review
Durant J, Clevenbergh P, Halfon P et al. (1999) Drug-resistance genotyping in HIV-1 therapy: the VIRADAPT randomised controlled trial. Lancet 353: 2195–2199
Cohen CJ, Hunt S, Sension M et al. VIRA3001 Study Team (2002) A randomized trial assessing the impact of phenotypic resistance testing on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 16: 579–588
Giaquinto C, Green H, De Rossi et al., Italy. A randomised trial of resistance testing versus no resistance testing in children with virological failure: the PERA (Penta 8) trial, 3rd IAS Conference on HIV pathogenesis and treatment, 24–27 july 2005, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Oral abstract session We-Oa-01-06
Interessenkonflikt
Keine Angaben
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Niehues, T., Baumann, U., Buchholz, B. et al. Empfehlungen zur antiretroviralen Therapie bei HIV-infizierten Kindern. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 154, 565–577 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-006-1358-8
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-006-1358-8