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Serologische Diagnostik der Zöliakie

  • Zöliakie
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Zusammenfassung

Die Bestimmung der Antigliadinantikörper der Immunglobulinklassen IgA und IgG sowie der Endomysiumantikörper (EMA) und Tansglutaminaseantikörper (tTG) erlaubt bei guter Labortechnik sehr sichere Aussagen über das mögliche Vorliegen einer Zöliakie. Das höchste Maß an Sensitivität und Spezifität erzielen EMA und tTG. Dies gilt jedoch nicht für Kinder, die jünger als 2 Jahre sind, sodass hier die Bestimmung der Gliadinantikörper eine besondere Bedeutung hat. Aufmerksamkeit bei der Beurteilung der Testergebnisse verdienen Patienten mit IgA-Mangel, da bei diesen Patientengruppen falsch-negative Testergebnisse gehäuft auftreten. Die Serologie ist insbesondere hilfreich, um Verwandte von Zöliakiepatienten, Patienten mit zöliakieassoziierten Erkrankungen, bestimmten Symptomen oder auch pathologischen Laborwerten auf das mögliche Vorliegen einer Zöliakie zu untersuchen. Zur definitiven Diagnose einer Zöliakie ist die Serologie allein (noch) nicht geeignet. Neben einem entsprechenden Beschwerdebild und einer pathologischen Zöliakieserologie ist eine Dünndarmschleimhautbiopsie mit typischen histologischen Veränderungen erforderlich.

Abstract

Serologic tests for gliadin antibodies (immunoglobulins type IgA and IgG) as well as endomysium antibodies (EMA) and tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTG) are highly reliable tools in diagnosing celiac disease when good laboratory standards are observed. The best results with respect to sensitivity and specificity are provided by EMA and tTG. This statement does not include children younger than 2 years—in these cases, determination of gliadin antibodies results in better sensitivity. Patients with IgA deficiency deserve special attention when assessing test results as false negative test results may appear. Serology is especially helpful in screening relatives of patients with celiac disease, patients suffering from diseases that are frequently associated with celiac disease, or those who show certain symptoms or findings that may indicate the disease. Nevertheless, up to now a small bowel biopsy showing typical findings on histologic examination is still needed to confirm the diagnosis of celiac disease.

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Correspondence to S. Buderus.

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Buderus, S., Lentze, M.J. Serologische Diagnostik der Zöliakie. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 151, 715–718 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-003-0759-1

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