Abstract
Balancing bone resorption and formation is the quintessential component for the prevention of osteoporosis. Signals that determine the recruitment, replication, differentiation, function, and apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteoclasts direct bone remodeling and determine whether bone tissue is gained, lost, or balanced. Therefore, understanding the signaling pathways involved in the coupling process will help develop further targets for osteoporosis therapy, by blocking bone resorption or enhancing bone formation in a space- and time-dependent manner. Insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) has long been known to play a role in bone strength. It is one of the most abundant substances in the bone matrix, circulates systemically and is secreted locally, and has a direct relationship with bone mineral density. Recent data has helped further our understanding of the direct role of IGF-1 signaling in coupling bone remodeling which will be discussed in this review. The bone marrow microenvironment plays a critical role in the fate of mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells and thus how IGF-1 interacts with other factors in the microenvironment are equally important. While previous clinical trials with IGF-1 administration have been unsuccessful at enhancing bone formation, advances in basic science studies have provided insight into further mechanisms that should be considered for future trials. Additional basic science studies dissecting the regulation and the function of matrix IGF-1 in modeling and remodeling will continue to provide further insight for future directions for anabolic therapies for osteoporosis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agnusdei D, Gentilella R (2005) GH and IGF-I as therapeutic agents for osteoporosis. J Endocrinol Investig 28:32–36
Rizzoli R, Bianchi ML, Garabedian M, McKay HA, Moreno LA (2010) Maximizing bone mineral mass gain during growth for the prevention of fractures in the adolescents and the elderly. Bone 46:294–305
Schettler AE, Gustafson EM (2004) Osteoporosis prevention starts in adolescence. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 16:274–282
Teitelbaum SL (2000) Bone resorption by osteoclasts. Science 289:1504–1508
Zaidi M (2007) Skeletal remodeling in health and disease. Nat Med 13:791–801
Khosla S, Amin S, Orwoll E (2008) Osteoporosis in men. Endocr Rev 29:441–464
Syed FA, Ng AC (2010) The pathophysiology of the aging skeleton. Curr Osteoporos Reprod 8:235–240
Tolar J, Teitelbaum SL, Orchard PJ (2004) Osteopetrosis. N Engl J Med 351:2839–2849
Tung S, Iqbal J (2007) Evolution, aging, and osteoporosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1116:499–506
Hayden JM, Mohan S, Baylink DJ (1995) The insulin-like growth factor system and the coupling of formation to resorption. Bone 17:93S–98S
Oreffo RO, Mundy GR, Seyedin SM, Bonewald LF (1989) Activation of the bone-derived latent TGF beta complex by isolated osteoclasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 158:817–823
Mundy GR, Rodan SB, Majeska RJ, DeMartino S, Trimmier C, Martin TJ, Rodan GA (1982) Unidirectional migration of osteosarcoma cells with osteoblast characteristics in response to products of bone resorption. Calcif Tissue Int 34:542–546
Somerman MJ, Hotchkiss RN, Bowers MR, Termine J (1983) Comparison of fetal and adult human bone: identification of a chemotactic factor in fetal bone. Metab Bone Dis Relat Res 5:75–79
Parfitt AM (1984) The cellular basis of bone remodeling: the quantum concept reexamined in light of recent advances in the cell biology of bone. Calcif Tissue Int 36(Suppl 1):S37–S45
Canalis E, McCarthy TL, Centrella M (1989) The role of growth factors in skeletal remodeling. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 18:903–918
Dallas SL, Rosser JL, Mundy GR, Bonewald LF (2002) Proteolysis of latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-binding protein-1 by osteoclasts. A cellular mechanism for release of TGF-beta from bone matrix. J Biol Chem 277:21352–21360
Tang Y, Wu X, Lei W, Pang L, Wan C, Shi Z, Zhao L, Nagy TR, Peng X, Hu J et al (2009) TGF-beta1-induced migration of bone mesenchymal stem cells couples bone resorption with formation. Nat Med 15:757–765
Mohan S, Jennings JC, Linkhart TA, Baylink DJ (1988) Primary structure of human skeletal growth factor: homology with human insulin-like growth factor-II. Biochim Biophys Acta 966:44–55
Xian L, Wu X, Pang L, Lou M, Rosen CJ, Qiu T, Crane J, Frassica F, Zhang L, Rodriguez JP et al (2012) Matrix IGF-1 maintains bone mass by activation of mTOR in mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Med 18:1095–1101
Canalis E (2005) The fate of circulating osteoblasts. N Engl J Med 352:2014–2016
Engler AJ, Sen S, Sweeney HL, Discher DE (2006) Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification. Cell 126:677–689
Amin S, Riggs BL, Melton LJ III, Achenbach SJ, Atkinson EJ, Khosla S (2007) High serum IGFBP-2 is predictive of increased bone turnover in aging men and women. J Bone Miner Res 22:799–807
Canalis E (1994) Skeletal growth factors and aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:1009–1010
Gillberg P, Olofsson H, Mallmin H, Blum WF, Ljunghall S, Nilsson AG (2002) Bone mineral density in femoral neck is positively correlated to circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 in Swedish men. Calcif Tissue Int 70:22–29
Giustina A, Mazziotti G, Canalis E (2008) Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocr Rev 29:535–559
Lamberts SW, van den Beld AW, van der Lely AJ (1997) The endocrinology of aging. Science 278:419–424
Langlois JA, Rosen CJ, Visser M, Hannan MT, Harris T, Wilson PW, Kiel DP (1998) Association between insulin-like growth factor I and bone mineral density in older women and men: the Framingham Heart Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:4257–4262
Mezquita-Raya P, Munoz-Torres M, Alonso G, de Luna JD, Quesada JM, Dorado G, Luque-Recio F, Ruiz-Requena ME, Lopez-Rodriguez F, Escobar-Jimenez F (2004) Susceptibility for postmenopausal osteoporosis: interaction between genetic, hormonal and lifestyle factors. Calcif Tissue Int 75:373–379
Patel MB, Arden NK, Masterson LM, Phillips DI, Swaminathan R, Syddall HE, Byrne CD, Wood PJ, Cooper C, Holt RI (2005) Investigating the role of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis as a determinant of male bone mineral density (BMD). Bone 37:833–841
Rhee EJ, Oh KW, Lee WY, Kim SW, Oh ES, Baek KH, Kang MI, Park CY, Choi MG, Yoo HJ et al (2004) Age, body mass index, current smoking history, and serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels associated with bone mineral density in middle-aged Korean men. J Bone Miner Metab 22:392–398
Tatar M, Bartke A, Antebi A (2003) The endocrine regulation of aging by insulin-like signals. Science 299:1346–1351
Yamaguchi T, Kanatani M, Yamauchi M, Kaji H, Sugishita T, Baylink DJ, Mohan S, Chihara K, Sugimoto T (2006) Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF); IGF-binding proteins-3, -4, and -5; and their relationships to bone mineral density and the risk of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 78:18–24
Ziv E, Hu D (2011) Genetic variation in insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathways and longevity. Ageing Res Rev 10:201–204
Boonen S, Mohan S, Dequeker J, Aerssens J, Vanderschueren D, Verbeke G, Broos P, Bouillon R, Baylink DJ (1999) Down-regulation of the serum stimulatory components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system (IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein [BP]-3, and IGFBP-5) in age-related (type II) femoral neck osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 14:2150–2158
Kurland ES, Rosen CJ, Cosman F, McMahon D, Chan F, Shane E, Lindsay R, Dempster D, Bilezikian JP (1997) Insulin-like growth factor-I in men with idiopathic osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2799–2805
Ohlsson C, Mellstrom D, Carlzon D, Orwoll E, Ljunggren O, Karlsson MK, Vandenput L (2011) Older men with low serum IGF-1 have an increased risk of incident fractures: the MrOS Sweden study. J Bone Miner Res 26:865–872
Jehle PM, Schulten K, Schulz W, Jehle DR, Stracke S, Manfras B, Boehm BO, Baylink DJ, Mohan S (2003) Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-1 to -6 and their relationship to bone metabolism in osteoporosis patients. Eur J Intern Med 14:32–38
Nicolas V, Prewett A, Bettica P, Mohan S, Finkelman RD, Baylink DJ, Farley JR (1994) Age-related decreases in insulin-like growth factor-I and transforming growth factor-beta in femoral cortical bone from both men and women: implications for bone loss with aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:1011–1016
Seck T, Scheppach B, Scharla S, Diel I, Blum WF, Bismar H, Schmid G, Krempien B, Ziegler R, Pfeilschifter J (1998) Concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II in iliac crest bone matrix from pre- and postmenopausal women: relationship to age, menopause, bone turnover, bone volume, and circulating IGFs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2331–2337
Misra M, Klibanski A (2006) Anorexia nervosa and osteoporosis. Rev Endocrinol Metab Disord 7:91–99
Ueland T (2005) GH/IGF-I and bone resorption in vivo and in vitro. Eur J Endocrinol 152:327–332
Ueland T, Bollerslev J, Hansen TB, Ebbesen EN, Mosekilde L, Brixen K, Flyvbjerg A, Djoseland O (1999) Increased cortical bone content of insulin-like growth factors in acromegalic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:123–127
Yakar S, Rosen CJ, Beamer WG, Ckert-Bicknell CL, Wu Y, Liu JL, Ooi GT, Setser J, Frystyk J, Boisclair YR et al (2002) Circulating levels of IGF-1 directly regulate bone growth and density. J Clin Invest 110:771–781
Elis S, Courtland HW, Wu Y, Rosen CJ, Sun H, Jepsen KJ, Majeska RJ, Yakar S (2010) Elevated serum levels of IGF-1 are sufficient to establish normal body size and skeletal properties even in the absence of tissue IGF-1. J Bone Miner Res 25:1257–1266
Stratikopoulos E, Szabolcs M, Dragatsis I, Klinakis A, Efstratiadis A (2008) The hormonal action of IGF1 in postnatal mouse growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:19378–19383
Govoni KE, Wergedal JE, Florin L, Angel P, Baylink DJ, Mohan S (2007) Conditional deletion of insulin-like growth factor-I in collagen type 1alpha2-expressing cells results in postnatal lethality and a dramatic reduction in bone accretion. Endocrinology 148:5706–5715
Zhao G, Monier-Faugere MC, Langub MC, Geng Z, Nakayama T, Pike JW, Chernausek SD, Rosen CJ, Donahue LR, Malluche HH et al (2000) Targeted overexpression of insulin-like growth factor I to osteoblasts of transgenic mice: increased trabecular bone volume without increased osteoblast proliferation. Endocrinology 141:2674–2682
Jiang J, Lichtler AC, Gronowicz GA, Adams DJ, Clark SH, Rosen CJ, Kream BE (2006) Transgenic mice with osteoblast-targeted insulin-like growth factor-I show increased bone remodeling. Bone 39:494–504
Sheng MH, Zhou XD, Bonewald LF, Baylink DJ, Lau KH (2013) Disruption of the insulin-like growth factor-1 gene in osteocytes impairs developmental bone growth in mice. Bone 52:133–144
Wang Y, Nishida S, Elalieh HZ, Long RK, Halloran BP, Bikle DD (2006) Role of IGF-I signaling in regulating osteoclastogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 21:1350–1358
Canalis E, Pash J, Gabbitas B, Rydziel S, Varghese S (1993) Growth factors regulate the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor-I in bone cell cultures. Endocrinology 133:33–38
Pfeilschifter J, Laukhuf F, Muller-Beckmann B, Blum WF, Pfister T, Ziegler R (1995) Parathyroid hormone increases the concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I and transforming growth factor beta 1 in rat bone. J Clin Invest 96:767–774
Frolik CA, Ellis LF, Williams DC (1988) Isolation and characterization of insulin-like growth factor-II from human bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 151:1011–1018
Miyakoshi N, Qin X, Kasukawa Y, Richman C, Srivastava AK, Baylink DJ, Mohan S (2001) Systemic administration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) increases bone formation parameters in mice by increasing IGF bioavailability via an IGFBP-4 protease-dependent mechanism. Endocrinology 142:2641–2648
Bagi CM, DeLeon E, Brommage R, Rosen D, Sommer A (1995) Treatment of ovariectomized rats with the complex of rhIGF-I/IGFBP-3 increases cortical and cancellous bone mass and improves structure in the femoral neck. Calcif Tissue Int 57:40–46
Bauss F, Lang K, Dony C, Kling L (2001) The complex of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I) and its binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) induces local bone formation in murine calvariae and in rat cortical bone after local or systemic administration. Growth Hormon IGF Res 11:1–9
Rajaram S, Baylink DJ, Mohan S (1997) Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in serum and other biological fluids: regulation and functions. Endocr Rev 18:801–831
Binoux M, Hossenlopp P (1988) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF-binding proteins: comparison of human serum and lymph. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:509–514
Bar RS, Boes M, Dake BL, Sandra A, Bayne M, Cascieri M, Booth BA (1990) Tissue localization of perfused endothelial cell IGF binding protein is markedly altered by association with IGF-I. Endocrinology 127:3243–3245
Miyakoshi N, Richman C, Qin X, Baylink DJ, Mohan S (1999) Effects of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 on bone formation parameters in mice. Endocrinology 140:5719–5728
Zhang M, Faugere MC, Malluche H, Rosen CJ, Chernausek SD, Clemens TL (2003) Paracrine overexpression of IGFBP-4 in osteoblasts of transgenic mice decreases bone turnover and causes global growth retardation. J Bone Miner Res 18:836–843
Govoni KE, Baylink DJ, Mohan S (2005) The multi-functional role of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in bone. Pediatr Nephrol 20:261–268
Mohan S, Nakao Y, Honda Y, Landale E, Leser U, Dony C, Lang K, Baylink DJ (1995) Studies on the mechanisms by which insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) and IGFBP-5 modulate IGF actions in bone cells. J Biol Chem 270:20424–20431
Birnbaum RS, Wiren KM (1994) Changes in insulin-like growth factor-binding protein expression and secretion during the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of primary cultures of rat osteoblasts. Endocrinology 135:223–230
Kim B, Huang G, Ho WB, Greenspan DS (2011) Bone morphogenetic protein-1 processes insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3. J Biol Chem 286:29014–29025
Lawrence JB, Oxvig C, Overgaard MT, Sottrup-Jensen L, Gleich GJ, Hays LG, Yates JR III, Conover CA (1999) The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent IGF binding protein-4 protease secreted by human fibroblasts is pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:3149–3153
Mohan S, Thompson GR, Amaar YG, Hathaway G, Tschesche H, Baylink DJ (2002) ADAM-9 is an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 protease produced and secreted by human osteoblasts. Biochemistry 41:15394–15403
Qin X, Sexton C, Byun D, Strong DD, Baylink DJ, Mohan S (2002) Differential regulation of pregnancy associated plasma protein (PAPP)-A during pregnancy in human and mouse. Growth Hormon IGF Res 12:359–366
Thrailkill KM, Quarles LD, Nagase H, Suzuki K, Serra DM, Fowlkes JL (1995) Characterization of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5-degrading proteases produced throughout murine osteoblast differentiation. Endocrinology 136:3527–3533
Li Y, Yu X, Lin S, Li X, Zhang S, Song YH (2007) Insulin-like growth factor 1 enhances the migratory capacity of mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 356:780–784
Ridley AJ, Schwartz MA, Burridge K, Firtel RA, Ginsberg MH, Borisy G, Parsons JT, Horwitz AR (2003) Cell migration: integrating signals from front to back. Science 302:1704–1709
Crane JL, Zhao L, Frye JS, Xian L, Qiu T, Cao X (2013) IGF-1 signaling is essential for differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells for peak bone mass. Bone Res 2:186–194
Fujita T, Azuma Y, Fukuyama R, Hattori Y, Yoshida C, Koida M, Ogita K, Komori T (2004) Runx2 induces osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation and enhances their migration by coupling with PI3K-Akt signaling. J Cell Biol 166:85–95
Negishi-Koga T, Shinohara M, Komatsu N, Bito H, Kodama T, Friedel RH, Takayanagi H (2011) Suppression of bone formation by osteoclastic expression of semaphorin 4D. Nat Med 17:1473–1480
Fiorelli G, Formigli L, Zecchi OS, Gori F, Falchetti A, Morelli A, Tanini A, Benvenuti S, Brandi ML (1996) Characterization and function of the receptor for IGF-I in human preosteoclastic cells. Bone 18:269–276
Bikle D, Majumdar S, Laib A, Powell-Braxton L, Rosen C, Beamer W, Nauman E, Leary C, Halloran B (2001) The skeletal structure of insulin-like growth factor I-deficient mice. J Bone Miner Res 16:2320–2329
Hill PA, Reynolds JJ, Meikle MC (1995) Osteoblasts mediate insulin-like growth factor-I and -II stimulation of osteoclast formation and function. Endocrinology 136:124–131
Jonsson KB, Wiberg K, Ljunghall S, Ljunggren O (1996) Insulin-like growth factor I does not stimulate bone resorption in cultured neonatal mouse calvarial bones. Calcif Tissue Int 59:366–370
Mochizuki H, Hakeda Y, Wakatsuki N, Usui N, Akashi S, Sato T, Tanaka K, Kumegawa M (1992) Insulin-like growth factor-I supports formation and activation of osteoclasts. Endocrinology 131:1075–1080
Slootweg MC, Most WW, Van BE, Schot LP, Papapoulos SE, Lowik CW (1992) Osteoclast formation together with interleukin-6 production in mouse long bones is increased by insulin-like growth factor-I. J Endocrinol 132:433–438
Rubin J, Ckert-Bicknell CL, Zhu L, Fan X, Murphy TC, Nanes MS, Marcus R, Holloway L, Beamer WG, Rosen CJ (2002) IGF-I regulates osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand in vitro and OPG in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4273–4279
Ogata N, Chikazu D, Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Tobe K, Azuma Y, Ohta T, Kadowaki T, Nakamura K, Kawaguchi H (2000) Insulin receptor substrate-1 in osteoblast is indispensable for maintaining bone turnover. J Clin Invest 105:935–943
Akune T, Ogata N, Hoshi K, Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Tobe K, Takagi H, Azuma Y, Kadowaki T, Nakamura K et al (2002) Insulin receptor substrate-2 maintains predominance of anabolic function over catabolic function of osteoblasts. J Cell Biol 159:147–156
Qiu T, Wu X, Zhang F, Clemens TL, Wan M, Cao X (2010) TGF-beta type II receptor phosphorylates PTH receptor to integrate bone remodelling signalling. Nat Cell Biol 12:224–234
Wan M, Yang C, Li J, Wu X, Yuan H, Ma H, He X, Nie S, Chang C, Cao X (2008) Parathyroid hormone signaling through low-density lipoprotein-related protein 6. Genes Dev 22:2968–2979
Wan M, Li J, Herbst K, Zhang J, Yu B, Wu X, Qiu T, Lei W, Lindvall C, Williams BO et al (2011) LRP6 mediates cAMP generation by G protein-coupled receptors through regulating the membrane targeting of Galpha(s). Sci Signal 4:ra15
Yu B, Zhao X, Yang C, Crane J, Xian L, Lu W, Wan M, Cao X (2012) Parathyroid hormone induces differentiation of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells by enhancing bone morphogenetic protein signaling. J Bone Miner Res 27:2001–2014
Miyakoshi N, Kasukawa Y, Linkhart TA, Baylink DJ, Mohan S (2001) Evidence that anabolic effects of PTH on bone require IGF-I in growing mice. Endocrinology 142:4349–4356
Wang Y, Nishida S, Boudignon BM, Burghardt A, Elalieh HZ, Hamilton MM, Majumdar S, Halloran BP, Clemens TL, Bikle DD (2007) IGF-I receptor is required for the anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on bone. J Bone Miner Res 22:1329–1337
Yamaguchi M, Ogata N, Shinoda Y, Akune T, Kamekura S, Terauchi Y, Kadowaki T, Hoshi K, Chung UI, Nakamura K et al (2005) Insulin receptor substrate-1 is required for bone anabolic function of parathyroid hormone in mice. Endocrinology 146:2620–2628
Bikle DD, Sakata T, Leary C, Elalieh H, Ginzinger D, Rosen CJ, Beamer W, Majumdar S, Halloran BP (2002) Insulin-like growth factor I is required for the anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on mouse bone. J Bone Miner Res 17:1570–1578
Canalis E, Centrella M, Burch W, McCarthy TL (1989) Insulin-like growth factor I mediates selective anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone in bone cultures. J Clin Invest 83:60–65
Elis S, Courtland HW, Wu Y, Fritton JC, Sun H, Rosen CJ, Yakar S (2010) Elevated serum IGF-1 levels synergize PTH action on the skeleton only when the tissue IGF-1 axis is intact. J Bone Miner Res 25:2051–2058
Lombardi G, Di SC, Vuolo L, Guerra E, Scarano E, Colao A (2010) Role of IGF-I on PTH effects on bone. J Endocrinol Invest 33:22–26
Watson P, Lazowski D, Han V, Fraher L, Steer B, Hodsman A (1995) Parathyroid hormone restores bone mass and enhances osteoblast insulin-like growth factor I gene expression in ovariectomized rats. Bone 16:357–365
Ernst M, Rodan GA (1991) Estradiol regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I expression in osteoblastic cells: evidence for transcriptional control. Mol Endocrinol 5:1081–1089
Ibbotson KJ, Orcutt CM, D'Souza SM, Paddock CL, Arthur JA, Jankowsky ML, Boyce RW (1992) Contrasting effects of parathyroid hormone and insulin-like growth factor I in an aged ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 7:425–432
Brocardo MG, Schillaci R, Galeano A, Radrizzani M, White V, Guerrico AG, Santa-Coloma TA, Roldan A (2001) Early effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 in activated human T lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 70:297–305
Walsh PT, O'Connor R (2000) The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor is regulated by CD28 and protects activated T cells from apoptosis. Eur J Immunol 30:1010–1018
Colao A, Ferone D, Marzullo P, Panza N, Pivonello R, Orio F Jr, Grande G, Bevilacqua N, Lombardi G (2002) Lymphocyte subset pattern in acromegaly. J Endocrinol Investig 25:125–128
Ueland T, Bollerslev J, Flyvbjerg A, Hansen TB, Vahl N, Mosekilde L (2002) Effects of 12 months of GH treatment on cortical and trabecular bone content of IGFs and OPG in adults with acquired GH deficiency: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2760–2763
Grinspoon S, Thomas L, Miller K, Herzog D, Klibanski A (2002) Effects of recombinant human IGF-I and oral contraceptive administration on bone density in anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2883–2891
Boonen S, Rosen C, Bouillon R, Sommer A, McKay M, Rosen D, Adams S, Broos P, Lenaerts J, Raus J et al (2002) Musculoskeletal effects of the recombinant human IGF-I/IGF binding protein-3 complex in osteoporotic patients with proximal femoral fracture: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1593–1599
Ebeling PR, Jones JD, O'Fallon WM, Janes CH, Riggs BL (1993) Short-term effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I on bone turnover in normal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:1384–1387
Grinspoon SK, Baum HB, Peterson S, Klibanski A (1995) Effects of rhIGF-I administration on bone turnover during short-term fasting. J Clin Invest 96:900–906
Johansson AG, Lindh E, Ljunghall S (1992) Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates bone turnover in osteoporosis. Lancet 339:1619
Ghiron LJ, Thompson JL, Holloway L, Hintz RL, Butterfield GE, Hoffman AR, Marcus R (1995) Effects of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I and growth hormone on bone turnover in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 10:1844–1852
Friedlander AL, Butterfield GE, Moynihan S, Grillo J, Pollack M, Holloway L, Friedman L, Yesavage J, Matthias D, Lee S et al (2001) One year of insulin-like growth factor I treatment does not affect bone density, body composition, or psychological measures in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1496–1503
Janssen YJ, Hamdy NA, Frolich M, Roelfsema F (1998) Skeletal effects of two years of treatment with low physiological doses of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in patients with adult-onset GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2143–2148
Johannsson G, Rosen T, Bosaeus I, Sjostrom L, Bengtsson BA (1996) Two years of growth hormone (GH) treatment increases bone mineral content and density in hypopituitary patients with adult-onset GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:2865–2873
Baum HB, Biller BM, Finkelstein JS, Cannistraro KB, Oppenhein DS, Schoenfeld DA, Michel TH, Wittink H, Klibanski A (1996) Effects of physiologic growth hormone therapy on bone density and body composition in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 125:883–890
Papadakis MA, Grady D, Black D, Tierney MJ, Gooding GA, Schambelan M, Grunfeld C (1996) Growth hormone replacement in healthy older men improves body composition but not functional ability. Ann Intern Med 124:708–716
Rahim A, Holmes SJ, Adams JE, Shalet SM (1998) Long-term change in the bone mineral density of adults with adult onset growth hormone (GH) deficiency in response to short or long-term GH replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 48:463–469
Drake WM, Carroll PV, Maher KT, Metcalfe KA, Camacho-Hubner C, Shaw NJ, Dunger DB, Cheetham TD, Savage MO, Monson JP (2003) The effect of cessation of growth hormone (GH) therapy on bone mineral accretion in GH-deficient adolescents at the completion of linear growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1658–1663
Sakata T, Halloran BP, Elalieh HZ, Munson SJ, Rudner L, Venton L, Ginzinger D, Rosen CJ, Bikle DD (2003) Skeletal unloading induces resistance to insulin-like growth factor I on bone formation. Bone 32:669–680
Sakata T, Wang Y, Halloran BP, Elalieh HZ, Cao J, Bikle DD (2004) Skeletal unloading induces resistance to insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) by inhibiting activation of the IGF-I signaling pathways. J Bone Miner Res 19:436–446
Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O'Dwyer ST, Shalet SM, Egger M (2004) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet 363:1346–1353
Bell J, Parker KL, Swinford RD, Hoffman AR, Maneatis T, Lippe B (2010) Long-term safety of recombinant human growth hormone in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:167–177
Carel JC, Ecosse E, Landier F, Meguellati-Hakkas D, Kaguelidou F, Rey G, Coste J (2012) Long-term mortality after recombinant growth hormone treatment for isolated growth hormone deficiency or childhood short stature: preliminary report of the French SAGhE study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:416–425
Savendahl L, Maes M, Bertsson-Wikland K, Borgstrom B, Carel JC, Henrard S, Speybroeck N, Thomas M, Zandwijken G, Hokken-Koelega A (2012) Long-term mortality and causes of death in isolated GHD, ISS, and SGA patients treated with recombinant growth hormone during childhood in Belgium, The Netherlands, and Sweden: preliminary report of 3 countries participating in the EU SAGhE study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:E213–E217
Wilton P, Mattsson AF, Darendeliler F (2010) Growth hormone treatment in children is not associated with an increase in the incidence of cancer: experience from KIGS (Pfizer International Growth Database). J Pediatr 157:265–270
Mackenzie S, Craven T, Gattamaneni HR, Swindell R, Shalet SM, Brabant G (2011) Long-term safety of growth hormone replacement after CNS irradiation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:2756–2761
Ergun-Longmire B, Mertens AC, Mitby P, Qin J, Heller G, Shi W, Yasui Y, Robison LL, Sklar CA (2006) Growth hormone treatment and risk of second neoplasms in the childhood cancer survivor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:3494–3498
Sklar CA, Mertens AC, Mitby P, Occhiogrosso G, Qin J, Heller G, Yasui Y, Robison LL (2002) Risk of disease recurrence and second neoplasms in survivors of childhood cancer treated with growth hormone: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3136–3141
Cao X (2011) Targeting osteoclast–osteoblast communication. Nat Med 17:1344–1346
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by the grants from the National Institute of Health, including T32DK007751 (JLC) and AR063943 and DK057501 (XC).
Disclosure
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interests.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Crane, J.L., Cao, X. Function of matrix IGF-1 in coupling bone resorption and formation. J Mol Med 92, 107–115 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-013-1084-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-013-1084-3