Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) has long been recognized as a crucial intracellular messenger attaining stimuli-specific cellular outcomes via localized signaling. Ca2+-binding proteins, such as calmodulin (CaM), and its target proteins are key to the segregation and refinement of these Ca2+-dependent signaling events. This review not only summarizes the recent technological advances enabling the study of subcellular Ca2+-CaM and Ca2+-CaM-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) signaling events but also highlights the outstanding challenges in the field.
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Acknowledgments
This study was funded by NIH P01-HL080101 (DMB & JB), R37-HL30077 (DMB), and R01-130933 (JB).
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Bossuyt, J., Bers, D.M. Visualizing CaMKII and CaM activity: a paradigm of compartmentalized signaling. J Mol Med 91, 907–916 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-013-1060-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-013-1060-y