Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that processes of inflammation and angiogenesis are interconnected, especially in human pathologies. Newly formed blood vessels enable the continuous recruitment of inflammatory cells, which release a variety of proangiogenic cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors and further promote angiogenesis. These series of positive feedback loops ultimately create a vicious cycle that exacerbates inflammation, transforming it into the chronic process. Recently, this concept of reciprocity of angiogenesis and inflammation has been expanded to include oxidative stress as a novel mechanistic connection between inflammation-driven oxidation and neovascularization. Production of reactive oxygen species results from activation of immune cells by proinflammatory stimuli. As oxidative stress can lead to chronic inflammation by activating a variety of transcription factors including NF-κB, AP-1, and PPAR-γ, inflammation itself has a reciprocal relationship with oxidative stress. This review discusses the recent findings in the area bridging neovascularization and oxidation and highlights novel mechanisms of inflammation- and oxidative stress-driven angiogenesis.
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Acknowledgments
This study was supported by a research funding from NIH grant HL071625 to T.V.B. We thank Emelye Crehore for her assistance with manuscript proofreading.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interests. A patent describing the role of CEP has been submitted.
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Young-Woong Kim and Xiaoxia Z. West contributed equally to this work.
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Kim, YW., West, X.Z. & Byzova, T.V. Inflammation and oxidative stress in angiogenesis and vascular disease. J Mol Med 91, 323–328 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-013-1007-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-013-1007-3