References
Berdeli A, Celik HA, Özyürek R, Dogrusoz B, Aydin HH (2005) TLR-2 gene Arg753Gln polymorphism is strongly associated with acute rheumatic fever in children. J Mol Med (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-005-0677-x)
Olivier C (2000) Rheumatic fever—is it still a problem? J Antimicrob Chemother 45(Suppl):13–21
Stollerman GH (2001) Rheumatic fever in the 21st century. Clin Infect Dis 33(6):806–814
Guilherme L, Kalil J (2004) Rheumatic fever: from sore throat to autoimmune heart lesions. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 134(1):56–64
McMillan DJ, Chhatwal GS (2005) Prospects for a group A streptococcal vaccine. Curr Opin Mol Ther 7(1):11–16
Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA Jr (1997) A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature 388(6640):394–397
Takeda K, Kaisho T, Akira S (2003) Toll-like receptors. Annu Rev Immunol 21:335–376
O’Neill LA (2004) TLRs: professor Mechnikov, sit on your hat. Trends Immunol 25(12):687–693
Beutler B, Rietschel ET (2003) Innate immune sensing and its roots: the story of endotoxin. Nat Rev, Immunol 3(2):169–176
Kirschning CJ, Schumann RR (2002) TLR2: cellular sensor for microbial and endogenous molecular patterns. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 270:121–144
Li Y et al (2005) Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in rheumatic valvar disease. Heart 91(1):87–88
Kaplan EL (2005) Pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: evasive after half a century of clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory investigation. Heart 91(1):3–4
Kurt-Jones EA et al (2004) Herpes simplex virus 1 interaction with Toll-like receptor 2 contributes to lethal encephalitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(5):1315–1320
Schröder NWJ, Schumann RR (2005) Single nucleotide polymorphisms of Toll-like receptors and susceptibility to infectious disease. Lancet Infect Dis 5(3):156–164
Ben-Ali M et al (2004) Toll-like receptor 2 Arg677Trp polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Tunisian patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11(3):625–626
Malhotra D et al (2005) TLR2 Arg677Trp polymorphism in leprosy: revisited. Hum Genet 116(5):413–415
Ogus AC et al (2004) The Arg753GLn polymorphism of the human toll-like receptor 2 gene in tuberculosis disease. Eur Respir J 23(2):219–223
Hamann L et al (2005) A frequent toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 polymorphism is a risk factor for coronary restenosis. J Mol Med 83(6):478–485
Hugot JP et al (2001) Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 411(6837):599–603
McDermott MF (2004) A common pathway in periodic fever syndromes. Trends Immunol 25(9):457–460
Pickles W (1943) A rheumatic family. Lancet i:245–251
Harel L et al (2002) Presence of the d8/17 B-cell marker in children with rheumatic fever in Israel. Clin Genet 61(4):293–298
Veasy LG et al (1987) Resurgence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. N Engl J Med 316(8):421–427
McDonald M, Currie BJ, Carapetis JR (2004) Acute rheumatic fever: a chink in the chain that links the heart to the throat? Lancet Infect Dis 4(4):240–245
Keitzer R (2005) Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and poststreptococcal reactive arthritis (PSRA)—an update. Z Rheumatol 64:295–304
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schumann, R.R., Keitzer, R. A new Toll-road from environment to genes for rheumatic fever?. J Mol Med 83, 500–503 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-005-0687-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-005-0687-8