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Therapie der akuten nekrotisierenden Pankreatitis

Treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis

Zusammenfassung

Die akute Pankreatitis (AP) hat eine Inzidenz von jährlich 30–45 pro 100.000 Einwohner. In Deutschland sind zwei Drittel der Fälle biliärer oder alkoholischer Genese. Die Diagnosestellung erfolgt über den typischen epigastrischen Schmerz mit Ausstrahlung und die 3‑fache Lipase- oder Amylaseerhöhung im Serum. Nur selten muss zur primären Diagnosestellung ein bildgebendes Verfahren hinzugezogen werden. Eine frühzeitige Risikoerfassung ist wichtig, um Patienten mit schwerer AP rechtzeitig intensiv überwachen zu können. Prognostisch ungünstig ist eine Erhöhung von Harnstoff im Serum, Hämatokrit und Blutzucker. Die einzig kausale Therapie ist die Entfernung eines impaktierten Gallensteins bei der biliären AP mittels endoskopischer retrograder Cholangiographie, die bei Zeichen der Cholangitis sowie bei schwerer biliärer AP erfolgen muss. Als symptomatische Maßnahmen stehen die Schmerztherapie und Flüssigkeitssubstitution im Vordergrund. In der Frühphase der AP sollte eine Kristalloidvolumenzufuhr mit 150–250 ml/h bis zum Ausgleich der extravasalen Flüssigkeitsverluste durchgeführt werden. In Einzelfällen ist das initiale Flüssigkeitsdefizit noch höher. Zur Steuerung steht auf der Intensivstation neben der Echokardiographie ein erweitertes hämodynamisches Monitoring zur Verfügung. Eine antibiotische Prophylaxe ist bei leichter AP nicht indiziert, bei schwerer AP umstritten. Die Ernährung sollte möglichst frühzeitig enteral erfolgen. Auch bei Nachweis von Verhalten und Nekrosen in der Bildgebung ist das primär chirurgische Vorgehen zugunsten eines interventionellen „step-up“ mit radiologischer Drainage sowie endoskopischem und ggf. videoassistiertem perkutanem retroperitonealem Débridement zu verlassen. Die Chirurgie bleibt eine Option bei Komplikationen sowie bei anderweitig nicht erreichbaren infizierten Nekrosen.

Abstract

Acute pancreatitis (AP) has an annual incidence of 30–45 per 100,000 inhabitants. In Germany approximately one third of the cases are of biliary or alcoholic origin. The diagnosis is based on the typical epigastric pain with radiation and a threefold increase of lipase or amylase in serum. Imaging procedures only rarely need to be included for the primary diagnostics. An early risk assessment is important to be able to allocate patients with severe AP to surveillance in an intensive care unit (ICU). Elevation of blood urea nitrogen, hematocrit and blood glucose are early predictors of poor outcome.The removal of impacted gall-stones by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) is the only causal treatment of biliary AP, which must be carried out when there are signs of cholangitis and in severe biliary AP. Pain management and early fluid substitution are the most important symptomatic approaches. In the early phase of AP 150–250 ml/h of crystalloid solution should be administered to compensate for the extravasal loss of fluid. In certain cases, the initial fluid requirement might be even higher. In the ICU setting echocardiography and advanced hemodynamic monitoring are available for guidance. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment is not recommended in mild AP and it is a matter of debate even in severe AP. Early enteral nutrition has been shown to improve the outcome. Even in cases of fluid collection and necrosis a primary surgery approach should be avoided in favor of a “step-up” procedure with radiologically guided drainage as well as endoscopic and if necessary video-assisted percutaneous retroperitoneal débridement. Surgery remains an option for complications and for infected necrosis which cannot be reached by any other means.

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Correspondence to Wolfgang Huber or Hana Algül.

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Interessenkonflikt

W. Huber ist Mitglied des wissenschaftlichen Beirats von PULSION Medical Systems SE, Feldkirchen. H. Algül gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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M. Lerch, Greifswald

J. Mössner, Leipzig

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Huber, W., Algül, H. Therapie der akuten nekrotisierenden Pankreatitis. Internist 60, 226–234 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-019-0558-y

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Schlüsselwörter

  • Akute nekrotisierende Pankreatitis, Prognose
  • Flüssigkeitstherapie
  • Nekrosektomie
  • Antibiotika
  • Endoskopische retrograde Cholangiographie

Keywords

  • Pancreatitis, acute necrotizing, prognosis
  • Fluid therapy
  • Necrosectomy
  • Anti-bacterial agents
  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography