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Auswirkungen von Schilddrüsenfunktionsstörungen auf den Knochen

Impact of thyroid diseases on bone

  • Schwerpunkt: Schilddrüsenerkrankungen
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Zusammenfassung

Schilddrüsenhormone (SDH) tragen wesentlich zur Skelettentwicklung in der Kindheit und zum Erhalt eines gesunden Knochens im Erwachsenenalter bei. Schilddrüsendysfunktionen können sich auf die Knochenqualität auswirken und sind mit einem erhöhten Frakturrisiko assoziiert. Eine infantile Hypothyreose beeinträchtigt das Skelettwachstum und die Knochenmineralisierung. Sie kann jedoch durch eine adäquate und rechtzeitige Substitution mit SDH therapiert werden. Dahingegen beschleunigt eine Hyperthyreose im jungen Alter die Skelettentwicklung und kann aufgrund einer vorzeitigen Fusion der Wachstumsplatten ebenfalls zu Minderwuchs führen. Eine Hypothyreose im Erwachsenenalter führt zu einem verlangsamten Knochenumsatz mit gesteigerter Mineralisierung. Eine Assoziation mit einem erhöhten Frakturrisiko ist jedoch unzureichend belegt. Im Erwachsenenalter geht ein SDH-Überschuss mit Knochenverlust und erhöhtem Knochenumsatz einher, primär bedingt durch eine gesteigerte Knochenresorption durch die Osteoklasten. Dementsprechend gehört die manifeste Hyperthyreose zu den gut etablierten Ursachen einer sekundären Osteoporose bzw. einer Fragilitätsfraktur. Eine latente Hyperthyreose wirkt sich ebenfalls negativ auf die Knochenmineraldichte (BMD) aus und ist mit Frakturen assoziiert. Bei den meisten Patienten mit manifester oder latenter Hyperthyreose führt die Wiederherstellung eines euthyreoten Schilddrüsenstatus zu einer Normalisierung der BMD. Bei postmenopausalen Frauen, die wegen eines differenzierten Schilddrüsenkarzinoms eine Suppression des thyreoideastimulierenden Hormons erhalten, kann jedoch eine osteoporosespezifische antiresorptive Behandlung indiziert sein. Zusammenfassend belegen zahlreiche Studien die wesentliche Bedeutung eines euthyreoten SDH-Status für das Knochenwachstum in der Kindheit und für die Knochenhomöostase im Erwachsenenalter.

Abstract

Thyroid hormones are key regulators of skeletal development in childhood and bone homeostasis in adulthood, and thyroid diseases have been associated with increased osteoporotic fractures. Hypothyroidism in children leads to an impaired skeletal maturation and mineralization, but an adequate and timely substitution with thyroid hormones stimulates bone growth. Conversely, hyperthyroidism at a young age accelerates skeletal development, but may also cause short stature because of a premature fusion of the growth plates. Hypothyroidism in adults causes an increase in the duration of the remodeling cycle and, thus, leads to low bone turnover and enhanced mineralization, but an association with a higher fracture risk is less well established. In adults, a surplus of thyroid hormones enhances bone turnover, mostly due to an increased bone resorption driven by osteoclasts. Thus, hyperthyroidism is a well-recognized cause of high-bone turnover secondary osteoporosis, resulting in an increased susceptibility to fragility fractures. Subclinical hyperthyroidism, especially resulting from endogenous disease, also has an adverse effect on bone mineral density and is associated with fractures. In most patients with overt or subclinical hyperthyroidism restoration of the euthyroid status reverses bone loss. In postmenopausal women who receive thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression therapy because of thyroid cancer, antiresorptive treatments may be indicated. Overall, extensive data support the importance of a euthyroid status for bone mineral accrual and growth in childhood as well as maintenance of bone health in adulthood.

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Correspondence to H. Siggelkow MD.

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Interessenkonflikt

E. Tsourdi erhielt Honorare für Vorträge von Amgen. F. Lademann gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. H. Siggelkow erhielt Honorare für Vorträge von MSD, GSK, Amgen, Servier, Lilly und Shire sowie Beraterhonorare von MSD, Lilly, Amgen, Servier und Shire.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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H. Lehnert, Lübeck

M. Reincke, München

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Tsourdi, E., Lademann, F. & Siggelkow, H. Auswirkungen von Schilddrüsenfunktionsstörungen auf den Knochen. Internist 59, 661–667 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-018-0436-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-018-0436-z

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