Skip to main content
Log in

Nichttuberkulöse Mykobakterien im Sputum

Empfehlungen zu Diagnose und Therapie

Nontuberculous mycobacteria in sputum

Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment

  • Schwerpunkt: Chronische Atemwegsinfektionen
  • Published:
Der Internist Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Durch nichttuberkulöse Mykobakterien ausgelöste, pulmonale Erkrankungen (pNTM) haben in den letzten Jahren und Jahrzehnten weltweit zugenommen. Da die Erkrankung bei Patienten mit Immunschwäche oder einer chronischen Lungenerkrankung (Bronchiektasen, fortgeschrittene chronisch obstruktive Lungenerkrankung [COPD], zystische Fibrose [CF]) häufiger ist, sollte bei diesen Patientengruppen an eine Infektion mit Mykobakterien gedacht werden. Der alleinige Nachweis im Sputum ist keine Therapieindikation, sondern die korrekte Diagnose sollte auf den entsprechenden klinischen Symptomen sowie radiologischen und mikrobiologischen Kriterien basieren. Häufig wird die Diagnose zu spät gestellt, da die Symptome unspezifisch sind. Die Therapie der pNTM-Erkrankung ist schwierig und langwierig. Aus diesem Grund wird sie häufig früher beendet. Auch die Adhärenz der behandelnden Ärzte zu den Guidelines ist auffallend niedrig. Vor einer Therapie sollte mit dem Patienten sorgfältig über Ziele und Nebenwirkungen gesprochen werden. Da es unter der Therapie zu unterschiedlichen Toxizitäten kommen kann, sollte diese engmaschig überwacht werden. Bei Infektionen durch seltene Erreger oder einem schweren Verlauf sollte Kontakt zu spezialisierten Zentren aufgenommen werden.

Abstract

Pulmonary diseases caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have increased over the last years and decades in Germany and also worldwide. Because the disease is more frequent in patients with immunodeficiencies and chronic respiratory diseases, e.g. bronchiectasis, advanced chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis (CF), an infection with mycobacteria should always be considered in this patient group. The detection in sputum alone is not an indication for treatment but the correct diagnosis should be based on the appropriate clinical symptoms as well as radiological and microbiological criteria. The diagnosis is often delayed because the symptoms are unspecific. The treatment of pulmonary NTM disease is difficult and tedious and for these reasons is often prematurely terminated. Adherence of treating physicians to the guidelines is also conspicuously low. Before starting treatment, it is important to carefully define the goals and clarify the risks and benefits of the treatment with the patient. As adverse toxic events can occur during treatment, it should be closely monitored. In the case of an infrequent pathogen or a severe course of the disease, referral to an NTM specialist center should be undertaken.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abb. 1
Abb. 2

Literatur

  1. Marras TK, Mendelson D, Marchand-Austin A, May K, Jamieson FB (2013) Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease, Ontario, Canada, 1998–2010. Emerging Infect Dis 19(11):1889–1891

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Stout JE, Koh W‑J, Yew WW (2016) Update on pulmonary disease due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Int J Infect Dis 45:123–134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kendall BA, Winthrop KL (2013) Update on the epidemiology of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 34(1):87–94

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Tortoli E (2014) Microbiological features and clinical relevance of new species of the genus Mycobacterium. Clin Microbiol Rev 27(4):727–752

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Griffith DE (2007) Therapy of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis 20(2):198–203

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Brode SK, Daley CL, Marras TK (2014) The epidemiologic relationship between tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 18(11):1370–1377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hoefsloot W, van Ingen J, Andrejak C, Angeby K, Bauriaud R, Bemer P et al (2013) The geographic diversity of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from pulmonary samples: an NTM-NET collaborative study. Eur Respir J 42(6):1604–1613

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ringshausen FC, Apel R‑M, Bange F‑C, de Roux A, Pletz MW, Rademacher J et al (2013) Burden and trends of hospitalisations associated with pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in Germany, 2005–2011. Bmc Infect Dis 13:231

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Henkle E, Hedberg K, Schafer S, Novosad S, Winthrop KL (2015) Population-based incidence of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in Oregon 2007 to 2012. Ann Am Thorac Soc 12(5):642–647

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Shah NM, Davidson JA, Anderson LF, Lalor MK, Kim J, Thomas HL et al (2016) Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is the main driver of the rise in non-tuberculous mycobacteria incidence in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 2007–2012. BMC Infect Dis 16:195

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Ringshausen FC, Wagner D, de Roux A, Diel R, Hohmann D, Hickstein L et al (2016) Prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease, Germany, 2009–2014. Emerging Infect Dis 22(6):1102–1105

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Diel R, Jacob J, Lampenius N, Loebinger M, Nienhaus A, Rabe KF et al (2017) Burden of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in Germany. Eur Respir J 49(4):1602109. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02109-2016

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lahiri A, Kneisel J, Kloster I, Kamal E, Lewin A (2014) Abundance of Mycobacterium avium ssp. hominissuis in soil and dust in Germany – implications for the infection route. Lett Appl Microbiol 59(1):65–70

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bryant JM, Grogono DM, Greaves D, Foweraker J, Roddick I, Inns T et al (2013) Whole-genome sequencing to identify transmission of Mycobacterium abscessus between patients with cystic fibrosis: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 381(9877):1551–1560

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Harris KA, Underwood A, Kenna DTD, Brooks A, Kavaliunaite E, Kapatai G et al (2015) Whole-genome sequencing and epidemiological analysis do not provide evidence for cross-transmission of mycobacterium abscessus in a cohort of pediatric cystic fibrosis patients. Clin Infect Dis 60(7):1007–1016

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bryant JM, Grogono DM, Rodriguez-Rincon D, Everall I, Brown KP, Moreno P et al (2016) Emergence and spread of a human-transmissible multidrug-resistant nontuberculous mycobacterium. Science 354(6313):751–757

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Bhatt SP, Nanda S, Kintzer JS (2009) The Lady Windermere syndrome. Prim Care Respir J 18(4):334–336

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. McGuinness G, Naidich DP (2002) CT of airways disease and bronchiectasis. Radiol Clin North Am 40(1):1–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Weiss CH, Glassroth J (2012) Pulmonary disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Expert Rev Respir Med 6(6):597–612 (quiz 613)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. van Ingen J (2015) Microbiological diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med 36(1):43–54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, Catanzaro A, Daley C, Gordin F et al (2007) An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175(4):367–416

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Thomson RM, Yew W‑W (2009) When and how to treat pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Respirol Carlton Vic 14(1):12–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Ito Y, Hirai T, Maekawa K, Fujita K, Imai S, Tatsumi S et al (2012) Predictors of 5‑year mortality in pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 16(3):408–414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hayashi M, Takayanagi N, Kanauchi T, Miyahara Y, Yanagisawa T, Sugita Y (2012) Prognostic factors of 634 HIV-negative patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185(5):575–583

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lee A‑R, Lee J, Choi S‑M, Seong M‑W, Kim SA, Kim M et al (2013) Phenotypic, immunologic, and clinical characteristics of patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in Korea. BMC Infect Dis 13:558

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Schönfeld N, Haas W, Richter E, Bauer TT, Bös L, Castell S et al (2013) Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterioses of the German Central Committee against tuberculosis and the German Respiratory Society. Pneumologie 67(11):605–633

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. van Ingen J, Wagner D, Gallagher J, Morimoto K, Lange C, Haworth CS et al (2017) Poor adherence to management guidelines in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary diseases. Eur Respir J 49(2):1601855. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01855-2016

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. van Ingen J, Boeree MJ, van Soolingen D, Mouton JW (2012) Resistance mechanisms and drug susceptibility testing of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Drug Resist Updat 15(3):149–161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Wallace RJ, Brown-Elliott BA, McNulty S, Philley JV, Killingley J, Wilson RW et al (2014) Macrolide/Azalide therapy for nodular/bronchiectatic mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Chest 146(2):276–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Jeong B‑H, Jeon K, Park HY, Kim S‑Y, Lee KS, Huh HJ et al (2015) Intermittent antibiotic therapy for nodular bronchiectatic Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 191(1):96–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Griffith DE, Adjemian J, Brown-Elliott BA, Philley JV, Prevots DR, Gaston C et al (2015) Semiquantitative culture analysis during therapy for mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 192(6):754–760

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Field SK, Fisher D, Cowie RL (2004) Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease in patients without HIV infection. Chest 126(2):566–581

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Xu H‑B, Jiang R‑H, Li L (2014) Treatment outcomes for mycobacterium avium complex: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 33(3):347–358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Guna R, Muñoz C, Domínguez V, García-García A, Gálvez J, de Julián-Ortiz J‑V et al (2005) In vitro activity of linezolid, clarithromycin and moxifloxacin against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium kansasii. J Antimicrob Chemother 55(6):950–953

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Shiraishi Y (2014) Surgical treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 62(8):475–480

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Mitchell JD (2015) Surgical approach to pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Clin Chest Med 36(1):117–122

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kang HK, Park HY, Kim D, Jeong B‑H, Jeon K, Cho JH et al (2015) reatment outcomes of adjuvant resectional surgery for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. Bmc Infect Dis 15:76

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Rademacher.

Ethics declarations

Interessenkonflikt

J. Rademacher hat Honorare für Vorträge und Advisory-Board-Tätigkeit von Grifols, Insmed, OmniaMed und Bayer erhalten.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von der Autorin durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

Additional information

Redaktion

B. Salzberger, Regensburg

C.F. Vogelmeier, Marburg

T. Welte, Hannover

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rademacher, J. Nichttuberkulöse Mykobakterien im Sputum. Internist 58, 1163–1170 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-017-0330-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-017-0330-0

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation