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Therapieresistente Hypertonie

Therapy-resistant hypertension

  • Arzneimitteltherapie
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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Eine therapieresistente Hypertonie ist in der täglichen Praxis ein häufiges Krankheitsbild. Sie liegt vor, wenn das Therapieziel nicht erreicht wird, obwohl mindestens 3 Antihypertensiva aus unterschiedlichen Gruppen in ausreichender Dosis gegeben werden und die Therapie ein Diuretikum einschließt. Betroffen sind 10–20 % der Patienten mit Hypertonie, sie weisen eine schlechte Prognose auf. Dies verlangt nach intensiven Strategien zum Erreichen einer Normotonie.

Diagnose

Das entscheidende Problem ist die exakte Diagnose. Neben einer sekundären Hypertonie und einer Schlafapnoe muss eine häufig vorhandene Pseudoresistenz ausgeschlossen werden Die häufigste Ursache einer Pseudoresistenz sind eine fehlerhafte Blutdruckmessung, Fehleinschätzungen des wirklichen Blutdruckniveaus, fehlende Compliance, der Lebensstil und Medikamenteninteraktionen. Die Diagnose einer Therapieresistenz sollte nicht ohne Langzeitblutdruckmessung gestellt werden. Dies reduziert die Zahl der „resistenten“ Patienten erheblich.

Therapie

Unter konsequenter Ausnutzung der möglichen Therapieoptionen gelingt bei der Mehrzahl der Patienten die gewünschte Blutdruckeinstellung. Die Verbesserung der Prognose rechtfertigt im Einzelfall auch Kombinationen aus 4–6 Antihypertensiva. Voraussetzung ist allerdings das vollständige Ausbleiben von Nebenwirkungen, da nur dann eine angemessene Therapietreue erwartet werden kann. Erst bei Versagen der o. g. Therapie kommen invasive Verfahren (renale Denervierung und Barorezeptorstimulation) als letzte, allerdings noch experimentelle Behandlungen in Betracht. Schlüssel zum Erfolg bei der Betreuung von Patienten mit therapieresistenter Hypertonie ist eine intensive und zeitaufwendige Arzt-Patienten-Beziehung.

Abstract

Background

Therapy-resistant hypertension is commonly encountered in daily practice. It is present when the therapeutic goal is not achieved after trying at least three antihypertensives from different groups with adequate doses and including a diuretic. Between 10 and 20 % of patients are affected and their prognosis is poor. Thus, intensive strategies are required to achieve normotension.

Diagnosis

An exact diagnosis is essential. Pseudoresistance needs to be excluded in addition to secondary hypertension and sleep apnea syndrome. The most common cause of pseudoresistance is incorrect blood pressure measurement, false estimation of the real blood pressure level, lack of compliance, unhealthy lifestyle, and drug interactions. Therapeutic resistance should not be diagnosed without 24 h ambulatory blood pressure measurement. This significantly reduces the total number of “resistant” patients.

Therapy

Successful control of blood pressure is achieved in the majority of patients by taking advantage of all possible therapy options. Treatment with 4–6 antihypertensive drugs is justified because of the improvement of cardiovascular prognosis. However, prerequisite is the absence of undesirable side effects which is the most important condition for adequate and reliable patient compliance. Only in the case of failure of the above therapy options can invasive procedures—renal denervation and baroreflex activation therapy—be applied as they are still experimental. Successful management of patients with resistant hypertension is only possible with intensive and time-consuming physician–patient relationships.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. J. Schrader und S. Lüders geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Schrader, J., Lüders, S. Therapieresistente Hypertonie. Internist 56, 195–202 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-014-3644-1

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