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Motilitätsstörungen des Ösophagus

Esophageal motility disorders

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Zusammenfassung

Ösophagusmotilitätsstörungen sind eine Gruppe von Erkrankungen, bei denen es aufgrund von Veränderungen der neuromuskulären Strukturen, die die Ösophagusfunktion koordinieren, zu Fehlfunktionen des Schluckakts kommt. Neben der Achalasie, der am besten charakterisierten Funktionsstörung des Ösophagus, gibt es noch andere Erkrankungen, deren Ursachen und Krankheitsmechanismen weniger gut verstanden sind. Zu ihnen zählen sowohl hyperkontraktile (diffuser Ösophagusspasmus, Nussknacker- und Jackhammer-Ösophagus, hypertensiver unterer Ösophagussphinkter) als auch hypokontraktile Motilitätsstörungen. Die Hauptsymptome sind Dysphagie und Thoraxschmerz. Die Diagnose wird in der Regel auf Basis der Ösophagusmanometrie gestellt. Endoskopie und Radiologie sind jedoch für die Ausschlussdiagnostik entzündlicher oder neoplastischer Veränderungen essenziell. Die Einführung der hochauflösenden Manometrie mit bis zu 36 simultan messenden Druckpunkten auf der eingebrachten Sonde hat die Ösophagusdiagnostik und -beurteilung verändert und mit der Chicago-Klassifikation zu einer neuen Einteilung der Ösophagusmotilitätsstörungen geführt. Die therapeutischen Möglichkeiten sind jedoch weiterhin begrenzt, meist konzentrieren sie sich auf eine Symptomreduktion. In der vorliegenden Übersicht werden die im Alltag wichtigsten Ösophagusmotilitätsstörungen vorgestellt.

Abstract

Esophageal motility disorders are a group of diseases that result in swallowing dysfunction due to changes in neuromuscular structures, which coordinate esophageal function. Besides achalasia, which is the best defined functional disturbance of the esophagus, there are other motility disorders, namely hypercontractile (diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker or jackhammer esophagus, hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter) and hypocontractile disorders, whose origins and disease mechanisms are not yet well understood. The main symptoms are dysphagia and thoracic pain. Diagnosis is usually made by means of esophageal manometry, while endoscopy and barium swallow are essential to exclude inflammatory or neoplastic changes. The introduction of high resolution manometry (HRM) with up to 36 pressure points that are simultaneously measured on the esophageal catheter has changed diagnosis and assessment, and has led—with the Chicago Classification—to a new functional classification of esophageal motility disorders. In the following review, the most important motility disorders of the esophagus are introduced.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. M. Müller und I. Gockel geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Müller, M., Gockel, I. Motilitätsstörungen des Ösophagus. Internist 56, 615–624 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-014-3603-x

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