Zusammenfassung
Als Thrombophilie-Screening wird eine Testbatterie bezeichnet, mit der ererbte und erworbene, laborchemisch charakterisierte Merkmale erfasst werden, die eine erhöhte Gerinnungsbereitschaft des Organismus anzeigen. Es wird gegenwärtig in einem Umfang durchgeführt, der durch die sehr solide Evidenz nicht gedeckt ist. Zum Schutz der Patienten vor unnötiger Beunruhigung und Stigmatisierung, aber auch aus Gründen der Wirtschaftlichkeit muss das Thrombophilie-Screening auf seinen sehr kleinen, medizinisch begründbaren Kernbestand reduziert werden.
Die vorliegende Übersicht erläutert diejenigen Indikationen, die einer kritischen Rückfrage standhalten: In der Sekundärprävention der venösen Thromboembolie (VTE) sind dies Patienten aus einer thrombophilen Familie, d. h. mit zwei oder mehr Verwandten ersten Grades mit VTE, oder Patienten mit Verdacht auf ein Antiphospholipidsyndrom. Frauen vor Einnahme der Pille oder vor einer Schwangerschaft können getestet werden, wenn sie einen oder mehrere Verwandte ersten Grades mit VTE haben und wenn sie bereit sind, aus dem Testergebnis Konsequenzen abzuleiten. Frauen mit rezidivierenden Aborten sollten auf ein Antiphospholipidsyndrom getestet werden, die Testung auf hereditäre Thrombophilien ist fakultativ. Klinisch nicht adäquate Indikationen werden ebenfalls diskutiert.
Das Testspektrum für hereditäre Thrombophilien umfasst die Untersuchung auf eine Defizienz von Antithrombin, Protein C und Protein S, auf Faktor V Leiden sowie die Prothrombinmutation 20210. Die Palette für das Antiphospholipidsyndrom richtet sich auf Lupusantikoagulans, Anti-Kardiolipin-Antikörper und Anti-β2-Glykoprotein-I-Antikörper. Beachtet werden muss ferner das richtige Zeitfenster für die Blutabnahme.
Abstract
Thrombophilia testing denotes a test battery for inherited or acquired features associated with a tendency for clot formation. Currently, it is being used in a frequency and to an extent which is not supported by evidence. In order to protect patients from unnecessary worry and stigmatization, but also for reasons of cost effectiveness, thrombophilia testing should be reduced to a very small number of medically justifiable indications which are outlined in this review.
Those indications include the following: secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients from a thrombophilic family, i.e., with two or more first degree relatives with venous thromboembolism (VTE), or patients with suspected antiphospholipid syndrome; women prior to oral contraception or planning to become pregnant if they had no prior VTE but have one or more first-degree relatives with VTE—provided they are willing to follow the consequences of positive test results; women with recurrent miscarriage. The inappropriate indications are discussed as well.
The test panel for inherited thrombophilias includes deficiencies of antithrombin, protein C and protein S, factor V Leiden and prothrombin 20210 mutation. Patients with suspicion of antiphospholipid syndrome have to be tested for lupus anticoagulans, anti-cardiolipin antibodies, and anti-β2-glycoprotein I-antibodies. It is important to do the blood sampling at an appropriate point in time.
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Interessenkonflikt. S.M. Schellong gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
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Schellong, S. Stellenwert des Thrombophilie-Screenings. Internist 55, 529–536 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-013-3423-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-013-3423-4