Zusammenfassung
Nosokomiale Diarrhöen sind im Krankenhaus erworbene Durchfallerkrankungen, die bis zu einem Drittel der stationären Patienten betreffen können. Sie erhöhen die Letalität, verlängern den Krankenhausaufenthalt und steigern die Kosten. Als häufigste Ursache werden Arzneimittelwirkungen und -nebenwirkungen, z. B. von Antibiotika, angesehen. Bei den infektiösen Erkrankungen spielt Clostridium difficile ein führende Rolle. Die kausale Behandlung, insbesondere der milden Clostridium-difficile-Infektion, wird kontrovers diskutiert. Derzeit wird empfohlen, Metronidazol bei leicht verlaufenden und Vancomycin bei schwer verlaufenden Erkrankungen einzusetzen. Bei gehäuftem Auftreten von nosokomialer Diarrhöen, sog. Ausbrüchen, werden oft Infektionen mit Noro-, Rota- und Adenoviren, aber auch Salmonellen und Listerien nachgewiesen. Noroviren sind hierbei von besonderer Bedeutung. Da bisher keine kausale Therapie der Norovirusinfektion zur Verfügung steht, stellen Rehydratation und Isolation die wichtigsten Maßnahmen dar.
Abstract
Hospital acquired or nosocomial diarrhea affects up to one third of hospitalized patients. It increases mortality rates as well as lenght and costs of the hospital stay. Drug side effects are the predominant cause of nosocomial diarrhea whilst clostridium difficile is the most common infectious agent, whose development is closely linked to antibiotic usage. The causal therapy of mild clostridium difficile infections is controversially discussed. Nevertheless, the use of Metronidazol for mild cases and of vancomycin for severe forms of the disease is recommended. Diarrhea outbreaks might be caused by viruses and less often by Salmonella and Listeria. Norovirus infections are of outstanding importance. Rehydration and isolation to prevent the spread of this highly contagious virus are the only reasonable options as we still lack a proper therapy.
Notes
Die 3-fach Nomenklatur des Stamms Ribotyp 027 beruht auf der unterschiedlichen Genotypisierung von Clostridium difficile: Restriction Endonuclease BI in 1980er, North American Pulse Field type 1 (NAP1), PCR-Ribotyp 027.
Literatur
Abraham B, Sellin JH (2007) Drug-induced diarrhea. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 9:365–372
Ackermann G, Thomalla S, Ackermann F et al (2005) Prevalence and characteristics of bacteria and host factors in an outbreak situation of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. J Med Microbiol 54:149–153
Bauer TM, Kist M, Daschner F et al (2001) Nosocomial diarrhea. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 126:1431–1434
Bergogne-Berezin E (2000) Treatment and prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea. Int J Antimicrob Agents 16:521–526
Glass RI, Parashar UD, Estes MK (2009) Norovirus gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med 361:1776–1785
Gorkiewicz G (2009) Nosocomial and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea caused by organisms other than Clostridium difficile. Int J Antimicrob Agents 33 (Suppl 1):S37–S41
Guarner F, Malagelada JR (2003) Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet 361:512–519
Hogenauer C, Hammer HF, Krejs GJ et al (1998) Mechanisms and management of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 27:702–710
Johnsen BO, Lingaas E, Torfoss D et al (2010) A large outbreak of listeria monocytogenes infection with short incubation period in a tertiary care hospital. J Infect 61:465–470
Kaplan JE, Feldman R, Campbell DS et al (1982) The frequency of a Norwalk-like pattern of illness in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. Am J Public Health 72:1329–1332
Kelly CP, Lamont JT (2008) Clostridium difficile – more difficult than ever. N Engl J Med 359:1932–1940
Kirking HL, Cortes J, Burrer S et al (2008) Likely transmission of norovirus on an airplane. Clin Infect Dis 50:1216–1221
Koopmans M (2009) Noroviruses in healthcare settings: a challenging problem. J Hosp Infect 73:331–337
Kuijper EJ, Coignard B, Tull P (2006) Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 12 (Suppl 6):2–18
Lindesmith LC, Donaldson EF, Lobue AD et al (2008) Mechanisms of GII.4 norovirus persistence in human populations. PLoS Med 5:e31
Lowy I, Molrine DC, Leav BA et al (2010) Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins. N Engl J Med 362:197–205
McFarland LV (1995) Epidemiology of infectious and iatrogenic nosocomial diarrhea in a cohort of general medicine patients. Am J Infect Control 23:295–305
McFarland LV (2010) Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients. World J Gastroenterol 16:2202–2222
McFarland LV, Mulligan ME, Kwok RY et al (1989) Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 320:204–210
Musher DM, Musher BL (2004) Contagious acute gastrointestinal infections. N Engl J Med 351:2417–2427
Nelson R (2007) Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD004610
Pillai A, Nelson R (2008) Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD004611
Poles MA, Fuerst M, Mcgowan I et al (2001) HIV-related diarrhea is multifactorial and fat malabsorption is commonly present, independent of HAART. Am J Gastroenterol 96:1831–1837
Robert Koch Institut (June 2009) RKI-Ratgeber Infektionskrankheiten – Clostridium difficile. Epidemiol Bull 24
Said MA, Perl TM, Sears CL (2008) Healthcare epidemiology: gastrointestinal flu: norovirus in health care and long-term care facilities. Clin Infect Dis 47:1202–1208
Trabal J, Leyes P, Hervas S et al (2008) Factors associated with nosocomial diarrhea in patients with enteral tube feeding. Nutr Hosp 23:500–504
Troeger H, Loddenkemper C, Schneider T et al (2009) Structural and functional changes of the duodenum in human norovirus infection. Gut 58:1070–1077
Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM et al (2007) A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis 45:302–307
Interessenkonflikt
Die Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00108-011-2872-x
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Weis, S., Grimm, M. Nosokomiale Diarrhö. Internist 52, 167–178 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-010-2789-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-010-2789-9