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Nosokomiale Diarrhö

Nosocomial diarrhea

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An Erratum to this article was published on 17 June 2011

An Erratum to this article was published on 17 June 2011

Zusammenfassung

Nosokomiale Diarrhöen sind im Krankenhaus erworbene Durchfallerkrankungen, die bis zu einem Drittel der stationären Patienten betreffen können. Sie erhöhen die Letalität, verlängern den Krankenhausaufenthalt und steigern die Kosten. Als häufigste Ursache werden Arzneimittelwirkungen und -nebenwirkungen, z. B. von Antibiotika, angesehen. Bei den infektiösen Erkrankungen spielt Clostridium difficile ein führende Rolle. Die kausale Behandlung, insbesondere der milden Clostridium-difficile-Infektion, wird kontrovers diskutiert. Derzeit wird empfohlen, Metronidazol bei leicht verlaufenden und Vancomycin bei schwer verlaufenden Erkrankungen einzusetzen. Bei gehäuftem Auftreten von nosokomialer Diarrhöen, sog. Ausbrüchen, werden oft Infektionen mit Noro-, Rota- und Adenoviren, aber auch Salmonellen und Listerien nachgewiesen. Noroviren sind hierbei von besonderer Bedeutung. Da bisher keine kausale Therapie der Norovirusinfektion zur Verfügung steht, stellen Rehydratation und Isolation die wichtigsten Maßnahmen dar.

Abstract

Hospital acquired or nosocomial diarrhea affects up to one third of hospitalized patients. It increases mortality rates as well as lenght and costs of the hospital stay. Drug side effects are the predominant cause of nosocomial diarrhea whilst clostridium difficile is the most common infectious agent, whose development is closely linked to antibiotic usage. The causal therapy of mild clostridium difficile infections is controversially discussed. Nevertheless, the use of Metronidazol for mild cases and of vancomycin for severe forms of the disease is recommended. Diarrhea outbreaks might be caused by viruses and less often by Salmonella and Listeria. Norovirus infections are of outstanding importance. Rehydration and isolation to prevent the spread of this highly contagious virus are the only reasonable options as we still lack a proper therapy.

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Notes

  1. Die 3-fach Nomenklatur des Stamms Ribotyp 027 beruht auf der unterschiedlichen Genotypisierung von Clostridium difficile: Restriction Endonuclease BI in 1980er, North American Pulse Field type 1 (NAP1), PCR-Ribotyp 027.

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Correspondence to S. Weis.

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An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00108-011-2872-x

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Weis, S., Grimm, M. Nosokomiale Diarrhö. Internist 52, 167–178 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-010-2789-9

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