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Grundlagen und Management der glukokortikoidinduzierten Osteoporose

Basics and management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis

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Zusammenfassung

Glukokortikoide beeinträchtigen den Knochenstoffwechsel auf verschiedenen Ebenen. Entsprechend ist die glukokortikoidinduzierte Osteoporose (GIO) die häufigste Form der sekundären Osteoporose, und bis zu 50% der Patienten mit chronischer Glukokortikoidtherapie erleiden Frakturen. Das liegt u. a. auch daran, dass diese Osteoporoseform immer noch zu wenig diagnostiziert und behandelt wird. Außerdem ist das Frakturrisiko bei vergleichbarer Knochendichte gegenüber dem der primären Ostepoporose erhöht. Das Frakturrisiko wird wesentlich durch die Höhe der Glukokortikoiddosis und die Dauer der Behandlung bestimmt, wenngleich der Knochenmasseverlust innerhalb der ersten 3–12 Monate nach Beginn der Glukokortikoidtherapie am größten ist. Daneben haben auch weitere Faktoren – wie insbesondere die Grunderkrankung – wesentlichen Einfluss auf das Frakturrisiko. Ein diagnostisches Basisprogramm ist deshalb in allen Fällen notwendig und beinhaltet neben einer spezifischen Anamnese die körperliche Untersuchung, Laborbestimmungen, Knochendichtemessung und bildgebende Untersuchungen. Die Aufklärung und die medikamentöse Prävention haben einen hohen Stellenwert, antiresorptive Therapeutika werden früher eingesetzt als bei primärer Osteoporose, und auch die osteoanabole Therapie ist effektiv. Die evidenzbasierten Leitlinien des Dachverbands Osteologie stellen eine sehr wertvolle Hilfe bei der Betreuung betroffener Patienten dar.

Abstract

Glucocorticoids interfere with bone metabolism at different levels. Therefore, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) is the most frequent form of secondary osteoporosis and up to 50 percent of patients on chronic glucocorticoid therapy suffer fractures. This is also because GIO is still under-diagnosed and not adequately treated. Besides, the fracture risk is higher in GIO than in primary osteoporosis even in the presence of equal bone mass density. The risk of osteoporotic fractures increases with dose and duration of glucocorticoid therapy, although the loss of bone mass is more prominent within the first three to twelve months after initiation of treatment. Besides glucocorticoid treatment, other factors, such as e.g. the underlying disease, substantially influence the fracture risk. Therefore, a diagnostic screening is mandatory in each case and should include the patient’s history, physical examination, laboratory studies, evaluation of the bone-mass density by dual X-ray absorptiometry and imaging of the spine. Education of the patients and pharmacological prevention are very important, antiresorptive therapy has to be started earlier than in primary osteoporosis and osteoanabolic agents have also been proven to be effective.

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Willenberg, H., Lehnert, H. Grundlagen und Management der glukokortikoidinduzierten Osteoporose. Internist 49, 1186–1196 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-008-2118-8

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