Zusammenfassung
Akute Exazerbationen der chronisch obstruktiven Lungenerkrankung (AECOPD) entwickeln sich oftmals zu Notfallsituationen mit hoher assoziierter Morbidität und Mortalität. Für eine optimale Diagnose und Therapie der AECOPD fehlt bislang eine einheitliche Definition zur Risikoabschätzung der Exazerbation. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Einteilung der AECOPD in 4 Schweregrade vorgenommen, je nachdem ob eine ambulante Therapie durch den Patienten selbst oder den betreuenden Arzt erfolgt oder eine stationäre Behandlung auf einer peripheren Station bzw. auf einer Intensivstation erforderlich ist. Pharmakologische Therapiekonzepte umfassen die Behandlung mit kurzwirksamen Bronchodilatatoren, systemisch wirksamen Glukokortikoiden und—bei purulentem Sputum—Antibiotika. Langwirksame β2-Sympatikomimetika oder langwirksame Anticholinergika, Theophyllin, Mukolytika und Klopfmassagen haben keinen gesicherten Stellenwert in der Notfalltherapie der AECOPD. Bei respiratorischer Insuffizienz kann durch eine engmaschig kontrollierte Sauerstofftherapie und eine nicht-invasive Maskendruckbeatmung oftmals eine endotracheale Intubation und kontrollierte maschinelle Beatmung mit den damit verbundenen Risiken, z. B. der Entwicklung von Pneumonien, vermieden werden.
Abstract
Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) often develop into emergency situations that are associated with high morbidity and mortality. There is still a lack of a generally accepted definition for the risk stratification in AECOPD to guide an optimal diagnosis and treatment. In this article we propose a classification based on 4 degrees of severity, depending on whether outpatient treatment can be done by the patient himself or is provided by a physician and whether inpatient treatment is carried out on a general ward or on an intensive care unit. The pharmacological therapy of AECOPD relies on short acting bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids and in case of purulent sputum on antibiotics. Longacting β2-agonists or anticholinergics, theophyllin, mucolytic drugs or mechanical percussion to the chest by a physiotherapist have no proven value in the emergency treatment of AECOPD. In respiratory failure the use of oxygen therapy and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) can often prevent the need for endotracheal intubation and controlled mechanical ventilation, thus preventing associated risks like the development of nosocomial pneumonia.
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Lange, C.G., Scheuerer, B. & Zabel, P. Akute Exazerbation der COPD. Internist 45, 527–539 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-004-1170-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-004-1170-2