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Nichtinvasive intermittierende Selbstbeatmung bei chronisch respiratorischer Insuffizienz

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Zusammenfassung

Entsprechend den beiden Kompartimenten des respiratorischen Systems (Lunge und Atempumpe) unterscheidet man pathophysiologisch 2 verschiedene Formen der respiratorischen Insuffizienz: Gasaustauschstörungen mit primärem Sauerstoffmangel (Hypoxämie) aufgrund von Lungenerkrankungen und die verminderte Belüftung der Lunge (Hypoventilation) mit primär einem erhöhten arteriellen Kohlensäurepartialdruck (Hyperkapnie) und sekundärer Hypoxämie durch Erkrankungen der Atempumpe. Zur Diagnostik der respiratorischen Insuffizienz kommen verschiedene Methoden zum Einsatz, wie z. B. die Spirometrie, Blutanalyse, nächtliches Monitoring mittels Kapnographie oder transkutaner pCO2-Registrierung sowie die Messung des Mundverschlussdrucks.

Die therapeutischen Maßnahmen bei respiratorischer Insuffizienz beruhen auf 2 Behandlungsprinzipien: Langzeitsauerstofftherapie zur Verbesserung der Hypoxämie und nichtinvasive Beatmungstherapie zur Verbesserung der Hyperkapnie und Begleithypoxämie. Die Indikation zur Beatmung stellt sich aufgrund subjektiver Beschwerden, objektiver Messparameter, des Verlaufs der Erkrankung sowie der weiteren Erkrankungssymptome. Häufigste Indikationen für eine Heimbeatmung sind Erkrankungen mit restriktiven Funktionsstörungen, v. a. Thoraxwand- und neuromuskuläre Erkrankungen.

Abstract

Corresponding to the two compartments of the respiratory system (lungs and ventilatory pump), two different forms of respiratory insufficiency can be distinguished on a pathophysiologic basis: disturbances of gas exchange with primary oxygenation failure (hypoxemia) due to pulmonary diseases and reduced ventilation of the lungs (hypoventilation) with primary elevated arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (hypercapnia) and secondary hypoxemia due to disorders of the ventilatory pump. Different methods can be employed in the diagnosis of respiratory insufficiency, e.g., spirometry, blood gas analysis, nocturnal monitoring with capnography, or transcutaneous pCO2 registration and measurement of mouth occluding pressure.

Therapeutic measures for respiratory insufficiency are based on two treatment principles: long-term oxygen therapy to improve hypoxemia and noninvasive ventilation therapy to improve hypercapnia and concemitant hypoxemia. The indication for long term ventilation depends on subjective complaints, objective measurement parameters, disease course, and other disease symptoms. The most frequent indications for home mechanical ventilation are diseases with restrictive ventilatory defects, especially chest wall disorders and neuromuscular disorders.

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Correspondence to O. Karg.

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Meinem Lehrer, Herrn Prof. Dr. H. Blaha, gest. 14. Juli 2002, gewidmet.

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Karg, O. Nichtinvasive intermittierende Selbstbeatmung bei chronisch respiratorischer Insuffizienz. Internist 44, 69–80 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-002-0817-0

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