Abstract
This paper details the manufacturing and dynamic performance evaluation of bamboo spur gears utilizing bamboo powder. The research involved a comparison between the accuracy and dynamic performance of a bamboo gear and a POM gear. Initially, a disk-shaped preformed bamboo product was created and transformed into a gear using a gear hobbing machine. Subsequently, the gear's accuracy was assessed, and the dynamic gear testing machine was employed to measure gear temperature, generation noise, and wear volume. The bamboo gear produced in this study exhibited accuracy nearly equivalent to that of the injection-molded POM gear. The wear volume of the bamboo gear was reduced by elevating the molding temperature. Furthermore, the bamboo gear fabricated at 200 °C, under torque conditions of 0.5 Nm and 1.0 Nm, with a range of revolutions from 500 to 1500 rpm, demonstrated comparable performance in terms of temperature, noise, and wear to that of a POM gear. However, gears comprised entirely of bamboo powder proved incapable of withstanding a load torque of 1.5 Nm. This limitation stemmed from the fact that the flexural strength of POM was 90 MPa, whereas that of the bamboo powder molding product was 60 MPa. Therefore, when fabricating a bamboo gear using bamboo powder reinforced with bamboo fiber bundles, it withstood up to 107 rotations even under a load torque of 1.5 Nm.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adesna F, Sena M, Deded S, Rita KS, Wahyu H, Se Hwi P, Fauzi F, Seung HL, Nam HK (2019) Changes in chemical components of steam-treated betung bamboo strands and their effects on the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo-oriented strand boards. Eur J Wood Prod 77:731–739
do Amaral L, Kadivar M, Paes JB, Batista DC et al (2023) Physical mechanical chemical and durability assessment of water leaching treatment of bamboo. Adv Bamboo Sci 5:100040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bamboo.2023.100040
Hribersek M, Erjavec M, Gorazd H, Simon K (2021) Durability testing and characterization of POM gears. Eng Fail Anal 124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105377
Hull D, Clyne TW (1996) An introduction to composite materials, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Jyotishkumar P, Sanjay MR, Arpitha R, Suchart S (2021) Recent developments in plastic recycling, composites science and technology (CST). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3627-1
Letcher TM (2020) Plastic waste and recycling, environmental impact, societal issues, prevention, and solutions, vol 133–222. Amsterdam by Academic Press, pp 97–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2018-0-01939-8
Miki T, Takeuchi K, Sugimoto H, Yamaguchi K, Takenaka K (2008) Material development from wood powder without adhesive by vapor steaming compaction process. J Mater Process Technol 199:396–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.08.010
Mohammed K, Roohi (2021) Bioplastics for sustainable development. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1823-9
Mohsenzadeh R, Shelesh-Nezhad K*, Chakherlou TN, Yaghini HH (2022) Gear life and failure mode versus meshing stress in polyacetal/ carbon black nanocomposite gear. Eng Fail Anal 131:105859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105859
Murugesh Babu K, Chandrasekhara SM (2023) Chapter two - Growth characteristics of bamboo: types of bamboo, morphology of bamboo. In The Textile Institute Book Series, Bamboo Fibres. Woodhead Publishing, pp 23–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85782-6.00006-4
Myer K (2023) Applied plastics engineering handbook: processing, sustainability, materials, and applications 3rd ed, A volume in Plastics Design Library, William Andrew. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-04118-4
Nishida M, Tanaka T, Miki T, Ito T, Kanayama K (2018) Instrumental analyses of nanostructures and interactions with bound water of superheated steam treated plant materials. Ind Crops Prod 114:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.01.072
Ochi S (2022) mechanical properties of bamboo fiber bundle-reinforced bamboo powder composite materials. Eur J Wood Prod 80(2):263–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-021-01757-4
Ohisa T, Shoji A, Sasaki M, Inoue K (2003) A study on noise and wear of injection molded plastic gears with deformed layer. Proceedings of the ASME 2003 Design Engineering Technical Conference and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, DETC2003. Chicago, IIIinois, USA, pp 501–506. https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2003/PTG-48064
Ohono T, Takahasi H, Takahashi M (2008) A study on the strength and the gear noise of the injection modeling plastic gear. J JACT (Jpn Assoc College Technol) 13(2008):37–42
Osswald TA, Menges G (2003) Materials science of polymers for engineers. Hanser Gardner Publications, Munich
Shoji A, Shimoyama J (2005) The research on the strength of molded plastic helical and spur gears (Relation between sound noise factors and strength). Proceedings of the 1st International conference on manufacturing, machine design and tribology, ICMDT 2005, Seoul Korea, pp 1–4
Singh AK, Siddhartha (2018) Noise emission form functionally graded materials based polypropylene spur gears - a tribological investigation. Mater Today: Proc 5:8199–8205
Singh AK, Siddhartha, Singh PK (2018) Noise emission from ABS, POM and HDPE spur gears - a comparative study. Mater Today: Proc 5:18038–18044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.137
Wenjuan Z, Yanping Z, Wenfu Z, Hong C (2023) Effect of fiber separation degree on the properties of bamboo fiber composites. Eur J Wood Prod 81:1249–1259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-01928-5
Wu J, Chen H, Zhong T, Lian C, Zhang W (2022) Effect of drying processes and sampling positions on the microstructure and physical–mechanical properties of NaOH-treated bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) slivers. Eur J Wood Prod 81:655–668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-022-01911-6
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP18K03919 and JP16K18005
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Shinji Ochi conducted the research myself, created figures and tables, and wrote the paper.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ochi, S. Manufacturing bamboo spur gears and assessing dynamic performance. Eur. J. Wood Prod. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02060-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02060-8