Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Moisture induced stresses in cross laminated timber (CLT) made from hydrothermally modified wood

  • Original Article
  • Published:
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the current research work, moisture gradients and moisture induced stresses (MiS) were investigated in cross laminated timber (CLT) bearing hydrothermally treated fir wood in its outermost laminations. Wooden blocks were cut from fir wood planks and hydrothermally treated in a stainless-steel reactor at 170 °C for a holding time of 30 min. The panels were made with combinations of untreated and treated wood with one as well as two treated layers laid up on both sides of the CLT samples. Afterwards, the CLT panels were exposed to drying (from RH 88 to 32%) and wetting (from RH 32 to 88%) cycles to provide moisture gradients as well as moisture induced stresses. The results showed that higher moisture gradients and moisture induced stresses were recorded on the untreated panels. It was revealed that the moisture gradient due to wetting and drying cycles was reduced because of the hydrothermal treatment of wood.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

References

  • Aksoy A, Deveci M, Baysal E, Toker H (2011) Color and gloss changes of Scots pine after heat modification. Wood Res 56(3):329–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Angst V, Malo KA (2010) Moisture induced stresses perpendicular to the grain in glulam: review and evaluation of the relative importance of models and parameters. Holzforschung 64(5):609–617

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angst V, Malo KA (2012) The effect of climate variations on glulam-an experimental study. Eur J Wood Prod 70(5):603–613

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angst V, Malo KA (2013) Moisture-induced stresses in glulam cross sections during wetting exposures. Wood Sci Technol 47(2):227–241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bekhta P, Niemz P (2003) Effect of high temperature on the change in color, dimensional stability and mechanical properties of spruce wood. Holzforschung 57(5):539–546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bengtsson C, Jermer J, Brem F (2002) Bending strength of heat-treated spruce and pine timber. In: Annual meeting international research group on wood preservation, Proceedings, Stockholm, vol 33‏

  • Biziks V, Andersons B, Beļkova Ļ, Kapača E, Militz H (2013) Changes in the microstructure of birch wood after hydrothermal treatment. Wood Sci Technol 47(4):717–735

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borysiuk P, Boruszewski P, Radoslaw A, Marcin G (2014) Dimensional stability of layered elements made of thermally modified wood. Trieskové Beztrieskové Obrbánie Dreva 9(1):191–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao Y, Lu J, Huang R, Jiang J (2012) Increased dimensional stability of Chinese fir through steam-heat treatment. Eur J Wood Prod 70(4):441–444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esteves B, Pereira H (2008) Wood modification by heat treatment: a review. BioResources 4(1):370–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esteves B, Domingos I, Pereira H (2008) Pine wood modification by heat treatment in air. BioResources 3(1):142–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fragiacomo M, Fortino S, Tononi D, Usardi I, Toratti T (2011) Moisture-induced stresses perpendicular to grain in cross-sections of timber members exposed to different climates. Eng Struct 33(11):3071–3078

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gereke T (2009) Moisture-induced stresses in cross-laminated wood panels, Ph.D. Thesis, ETH, Zurich, p 193

  • Gereke T, Schnider T, Hurst A, Niemz P (2009) Identification of moisture-induced stresses in cross-laminated wood panels from beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L). Wood Sci Technol 43(3):301–315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gereke T, Hass P, Niemz P (2010) Moisture-induced stresses and distortions in spruce cross-laminates and composite laminates. Holzforschung 64(1):127–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gündüz G, Aydemir D, Karakas G (2009) The effects of thermal treatment on the mechanical properties of wild Pear (Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pall) wood and changes in physical properties. Mater Des 30(10):4391–4395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jönsson JH (2005) Internal stresses in glulam due to moisture gradients in the grain direction. Holzforschung 59(1):18–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jönsson JH, Sevensson S (2004) Internal stresses in the cross-grain direction in glulam induced by climate variations. Holzforschung 58(2):154–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jönsson J, Thelandersson S (2003) The effect of moisture gradients on tensile strength perpendicular to grain in glulam. Holz Roh- Werkst 61(5):342–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kesik HI, Korkut S, Hiziroglu S, Sevik H (2014) An evaluation of properties of four heat treated wood species. Ind Crop Prod 60:60–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Köl HS (2010) Characteristics of heat-treated Turkish pine and fir wood after ThermoWood processing. J Environ Biol 31(6):1007–1011

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korkut DS, Guller B (2008) The effects of heat treatment on physical properties and surface roughness of red-bud maple (Acer trautvetteri Medw) wood. Bioresource Technol 99(8):2846–2851

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korkut DS, Hiziroglu S, Aytin A (2013) Effect of heat treatment on surface characteristics of wild cherry wood. BioResources 8(2):1582–1590

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotilainen RA, Toivanen TJ, Alén RJ (2000) FTIR monitoring of chemical changes in softwood during heating. J Wood Chem Technol 20(3):307–320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirzaei G, Mohebby B, Tasooji M (2012) The effect of hydrothermal treatment on bond shear strength of beech wood. Eur J Wood Prod 70(5):705–709

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirzaei G, Mohebby B, Ebrahimi G (2017) Glulam beam made from hydrothermally treated poplar wood with reduced moisture induced stresses. Constr Build Mater 135:386–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mirzaei G, Mohebby B, Ebrahimi G (2018) Technological properties of glulam beams made from hydrothermally treated poplar wood. Wood Mater Sci Eng 13(1):36–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohebby B, Sanaei I (2005) Influences of the hydro-thermal treatment on physical properties of beech wood (Fagus orientalis). In: 36th annual meeting, Bangalore, India, pp 24–28‏

  • Mohebby B, Ilbeighi F, Kazemi-Najafi S (2008) Influence of hydrothermal modification of fibers on some physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiberboard (MDF). Holz Roh-Werkst 66(3):213–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olarescu MC, Campean M, Ispas M, Cosereanu C (2014) Effect of thermal treatment on some properties of lime wood. Eur J Wood Prod 72(4):559–562

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Percin O, Peker H, Atilgan A (2016) The effect of heat treatment on the some physical and mechanical properties of beech (Fagus orientalis lipsky) wood. Wood Res 61(3):443–456

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poncsák S, Kocaefe D, Bouazara M, Pichette A (2006) Effect of high temperature treatment on the mechanical properties of birch (Betula papyrifera). Wood Sci Technol 40(8):647–663

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tjeerdsma BF, Militz H (2005) Chemical changes in hydrothermal treated wood: FTIR analysis of combined hydrothermal and dry heat-treated wood. Holz Roh-Werkst 63(2):102–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiland JJ, Guyonnet R (2003) Study of chemical modifications and fungi degradation of thermally modified wood using DRIFT spectroscopy. Holz Roh-Werkst 61(3):216–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yildiz S, Gümüşkaya E (2007) The effects of thermal modification on crystalline structure of cellulose in soft and hard wood. Build Environ 42(1):62–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

VB took primary responsibility for planning the work, collecting the literature, and writing the original draft of the manuscript. BM instructed and supervised the research process as well as reviewed and edited the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Behbood Mohebby.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interests. The founding sponsor had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mohebby, B., Broushakian, V. Moisture induced stresses in cross laminated timber (CLT) made from hydrothermally modified wood. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 80, 1087–1094 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-022-01836-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-022-01836-0

Profiles

  1. Behbood Mohebby