Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Compression impact behaviour of agglomerated cork at intermediate strain rates

  • Original Article
  • Published:
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This work analyses the influence of intermediate strain rates, between 25 and 75 s−1, on compressive behaviour of agglomerated cork. Quasi-static and dynamic compressive tests on an agglomerated cork with two different densities were carried out. This work complements previous research focused on higher strain rates. The influence of strain rate on less studied properties as densification strain or Poisson ratio is also studied. Digital image correlation (DIC) is applied to the estimation of the strain distribution in the longitudinal and transversal directions for both materials quantifying their heterogeneity through the specimen. Under the studied dynamic conditions, no significant influence of strain rate on the mechanical properties was found. Young's modulus, plateau stress, and Poisson ratio are higher in the densest agglomerate, whereas the densification strain is similar in both material densities. Differences in properties such as Young's modulus, Poisson ratio, plateau stress, and densification strain have been found between quasi-static and dynamic conditions for both agglomerates. In the agglomerate with the lowest density, all properties are higher in dynamic conditions than in quasi-static conditions. In the material with the highest density, Young`s modulus and plateau stress increase significantly, whereas the Poisson ratio decreases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abrate S (2011) Impact dynamics. CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences, Courses and Lectures 526: 71–96

  • Anjos O, Rodrigues C, Morais J, Pereira H (2014) Effect of density on the compression behaviour of cork. Mater Des 53:1089–1096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashby MF (2012) Materials and the environment: eco-informed material choice. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Avalle M, Belingardi G, Montanini R (2001) Characterization of polymeric structural foams under compressive impact loading by means of energy-absorption diagram. Int J Impact Eng 25(5):455–472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belingardi G, Vadori R (2002) Low velocity impact tests of laminate glass-fiber-epoxy matrix composite material plates. Int J Impact Eng 27(2):213–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castro O, Silva JM, Devezas T, Silva A, Gil L (2009) Cork agglomerates as an ideal core material in lightweight structures. Mater Des 31:425–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan KC, Xie LS (2003) Dependency of densification properties on cell topology of metal foams. Scripta Mater 48(8):1147–1152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Da Silva M, Oleskovicz M, Coury DV (2005) Cork: properties, capabilities and applications. Int Mater Rev 50(6):345–358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes FAO, Jardin RT, Pereira AB, Alves De Sousa RJ (2015) Comparing the mechanical performance of synthetic and natural cellular materials. Mater Des 82:335–341

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fortes MA, Nogueira MA (1989) The poison effect in cork. Mater Sci Eng, A 122(2):227–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gameiro CP, Cirne J, Gary G (2007) Experimental study of the quasi-static and dynamic behaviour of cork under compressive loading. J Mater Sci 42(12):4316–4324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson LJ, Ashby MF (1997) Cellular solids; Structure and properties. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ivañez I, Sánchez-Saez S, Garcia-Castillo SK, Barbero E, Amaro A, Reis PNB (2020) High-velocity impact behaviour of damaged sandwich plates with agglomerated cork core. Compos Struct 248:112520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jardin RT, Fernandes FAO, Pereira AB, Alves de Sousa RJ (2015) Static and dynamic mechanical response of different cork agglomerates. Mater Des 68:121–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karade S, Irle M, Maher K (2006) Influence of granule properties and concentration on cork-cement compatibility. Eur J Wood Prod 64:281–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kausar A (2018) Polyurethane composite foams in high-performance applications: a review. Polym Plast Technol Eng 57(4):346–369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knapic S, Oliveira V, Machado JS, Pereira H (2016) Cork as a building material: a review. Eur J Wood Prod 74(6):775–791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lakreb N, Bezzazi B, Pereira H (2015) Mechanical strength properties of innovative sandwich panels with expanded cork agglomerates. Eur J Wood Prod 73:465–473

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakreb N, Knapic S, Machado JS, Bezzazi B, Pereira H (2018) Properties of multilayered sandwich panels with an agglomerated cork core for interior applications in buildings. Eur J Wood Prod 76:143–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Barbenchon L, Girardot J, Kopp J-B, Viot P (2019) Multi-scale foam : 3D structure/compressive behaviour relationship of agglomerated cork. Materialia 5:100219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li QM, Magkiriadis I, Harrigan JJ (2006) Compressive strain at the onset of densification of cellular solids. J Cell Plast 42(5):371–392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maderuelo-Sanz R, Barrigón Morillas JM, Gómez Escobar V (2014) The performance of resilient layers made from cork granulates mixed with resins for impact noise reduction. Eur J Wood Prod 72:833–835

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouellet S, Cronin D, Worswick M (2006) Compressive response of polymeric foams under quasi-static, medium and high strain rate conditions. Polym Test 25(6):731–743

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paiva D, Magalhães FD (2018) Dynamic mechanical analysis and creep-recovery behavior of agglomerated cork. Eur J Wood Prod 76:133–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira H, Melo B, Pinto R (1994) Yield and quality in the production of cork stoppers. Holz Roh- Werkst 52:211–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ptak M, Kaczynski P, Fernandes FAO, de Sousa RJA (2017) Assessing impact velocity and temperature effects on crashworthiness properties of cork material. Int J Impact Eng 106:238–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajput MS, Burman M, Köll J, Hallström S (2019) Compression of structural foam materials: Experimental and numerical assessment of test procedure and specimen size effects. J Sandwich Struct Mater 21(1):260–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Saez S, Barbero E, Garcia-Castillo SK, Ivañez I, Cirne J (2015) Experimental response of agglomerated cork under multi-impact loads. Mater Lett 160:327–330

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Saez S, García-Castillo SK, Barbero E, Cirne J (2015) Dynamic crushing behaviour of agglomerated cork. Mater Des 65:743–748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santos PT, Pinto S, Marques PAAP, Pereira AB, Alves de Sousa RJ (2017) Agglomerated cork: A way to tailor its mechanical properties. Compos Struct 178:277–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarasini F, Tirillò J, Lampani L, Sasso M, Mancini E, Burgstaller C, Calzolari AF (2019) Static and dynamic characterization of agglomerated cork and related sandwich structures. Compos Struct 212:439–451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarasini F, Tirillò J, Lampani L, Barbero E, Sanchez-Saez S, Valente T, Gaudenzi P, Scarponi C (2020) Impact behavior of sandwich structures made of flax/epoxy face sheets and agglomerated cork. J Nat Fibers 17(2):168–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasso M, Mancini E, Chiappini G, Sarasini F, Tirillò J (2018a) Application of DIC to static and dynamic testing of agglomerated cork material. Exp Mech 58(7):1017–1033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sasso M, Sarasini F, Chiappini G, Mancini E, Tirillò J (2018b) Evaluation of stress equilibrium in dynamic tests on agglomerated cork. Conf Proc Soc Exp Mech Ser 1:235–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sergi C, Tirillò J, Sarasini F, Barbero-Pozuelo E, Sanchez-Saez S, Burgstaller C (2019) The potential of agglomerated cork for sandwich structures: a systematic investigation of physical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Polymers 11(12):2118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva JM, Gamboa PV, Nunes C, Paulo L, Franco N (2011) Cork: is it a good material for aerospace structures? In: AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-2159

  • Sun Y, Li QM (2018) Dynamic compressive behaviour of cellular materials: a review of phenomenon, mechanism and modelling. Int J Impact Eng 112:74–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viot P, Beani F, Lataillade JL (2005) Polymeric foam behavior under dynamic compressive loading. J Mater Sci 40(22):5829–5837

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain for the funds received for this work within the framework of the project DPI2017-86324-R.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Continuum Mechanics and Structural Analysis, University Carlos III of Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad 30, 28911, Leganés, Madrid, Spain

    Arturo Gómez, Sonia Sanchez-Saez & Enrique Barbero

Authors
  1. Arturo Gómez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sonia Sanchez-Saez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Enrique Barbero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation were performed by AG. Experimental tests, data collection and analysis were carried out for all authors. AG write part of the first draft of the manuscript with contributions of SS-S and EB in the results and discussion section. SS-S and EB wrote the following versions of the manuscript with contributions of AG. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Enrique Barbero.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there are no conflicts of interest.

Consent to participate

All authors have participated in the paper.

Consent for publication

The manuscript has been read and approved by all authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gómez, A., Sanchez-Saez, S. & Barbero, E. Compression impact behaviour of agglomerated cork at intermediate strain rates. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 79, 381–396 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01638-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01638-2

Search

Navigation