Abstract
The large global production quantity of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) creates equal quantities of waste MDF, which consequently requires research on the recycling of MDF. This work was conducted to study the effect of recycled fiber (RF) content on the recycling properties of MDF. After pretreating waste MDF, a refiner and hammer were used to isolate refiner RFs (RRFs) and hammer mill RFs (HRFs) from two softwood species. This work also characterized the physical, chemical, and morphological features of RFs and virgin fibers (VFs). RRF and HRF contents of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100% were used to fabricate recycled MDF (rMDF) panels. All RFs had shorter fiber lengths and higher fines contents than VFs had. The presence of N from urea–formaldehyde resins was confirmed by multiple analyses; more N was distributed in RFs than in VFs. The highest internal bonding (IB) strength of the rMDF occurred at 10% RF, regardless of isolation method and wood species; IB strength decreased afterward. The mechanical properties, including modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and screw withdrawal resistance of rMDF, showed behaviors similar to the IB strength with increasing RF content. However, the thickness swelling, water absorption, and formaldehyde emission of rMDF samples decreased with increasing RF content. Statistical analysis indicates that the minimum of 10% RFs can be used to replace VFs without diminishing the properties of rMDF. The improved properties of rMDF were ascribed to the reinforcing effects of RFs covered with cured resins.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
BIS (2013) Particleboard and medium density fiberboard in Pacific Rim and Europe: 2013–2017. BIS Shrapnel Pty Limited. https://www2.bis.com.au/prtcl_mdf_2013.html/section/4128. Accessed 23 Mar 2017
Brooks SHW (1973) Method of recycling waste cellulosic materials. US Patent Application. 3741863
Cha JK (2013) Predicting the screw withdrawal load of commercial particleboard manufactured in Korea. J Korean Wood Sci Technol 41(6):544–550
Cooper MD (1992) Resin spotting in medium density fiberboard. Thesis. University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand
Cowling EB, Merrill W (1966) Nitrogen in wood and its role in wood deterioration. Can J Bot 44(11):1539–1554
Eckelman CA (1988) The withdrawal strength of screws from commercially available medium density fiberboard. Forest Product J 38:21–24
EPF (2015) European Panel Federation annual report 2014–2015, Germany
Grigsby WJ, Carpenter JEP, Sargent R (2014a) Investigating the extent of urea formaldehyde resin cure in medium density fiberboard: resin extractability and fiber effects. J Wood Chem Technol 34:225–238
Grigsby WJ, Thumm A, Carpenter JEP, Hati N (2014b) Investigating the extent of urea formaldehyde resin cure in medium density fiberboard: characterization of extractable resin components. Int J Adhes Adhes 50:50–56
Hubbe MA, Venditti RA, Rojas OJ (2007) What happens to cellulosic fibers during papermaking and recycling? A review. BioResour 2(4):739–788
Hwang CY, Hse CY, Shupe TF (2005) Effects of recycled fiber on the properties of fiberboard panels. Forest Prod J 55(1):61–64
Ince PJ, McKeever DB (1995) Recovery of paper and wood for recycling: actual and potential. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-88. U.S. Depart. of Agriculture, Forest service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, p 11
Jada SS (1988) The structure of urea-formaldehyde resins. J Appl Polym Sci 35:1573–1592
Ji X, Dong Y, Yu R, Du W, Gu X, Guo M (2018) Simple production of medium density fiberboards (MDF) reinforced with chitosan. Holzforschung. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0101
Kharazipour A, Kües U (2007) Recycling of wood compsites and solid wood products. In: Wood production, wood technology, and biotechnological impacts. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Germany, pp 509–533
Kim SB, Kim DJ (2015) Impacts of economic growth on forest products consumption in Korea. J Agric Life Sci 49(4):295–304
Kim MH, Song HB (2014) Analysis of the global warming potential for wood waste recycling systems. J Clean Prod 69:199–207
KS F 3200 (2006), Korean Standard F 3200: Fiberboards, Korea Standard Association, Seoul
Lee M, Prewitt L, Mun SP (2014) Formaldehyde release from medium density fiberboard in simulated landfills for recycling. J Korean Wood Sci Technol 42(5):597–604
Lubis MAR, Park BD (2018) Analysis of the hydrolysates from cured and uncured urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins with two F/U mole ratios. Holzforschung. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0010
Lubis MAR, Hong MK, Park BD (2018) Hydrolytic removal of cured urea-formaldehyde resins in medium-density fiberboard for recycling. J Wood Chem Technol 38(1):1–14
Lykidis C, Grigoriou A (2008) Hydrothermal recycling of waste and performance of the recycled wooden particle-boards. Waste Manag 28(1):57–63
Müller G, Bartholme M, Kharazipour A, Polle A (2008) FTIR-ATR spectroscopic analysis of changes in fiber properties during insulating fiberboard manufacture of beech wood. Wood Fiber Sci 40(4):532–543
Müller G, Schöpper C, Vos H, Kharazipour A, Polle A (2009) FTIR-ATR spectroscopic analyses of changes in wood properties during particle- and fiberboard production of hard- and softwood trees. BioResources 4(1):49–71
Ormondroyd GA, Stefanowski B (2015) Fibreboards and their applications. Wood composite. Elsevier, pp 91–102
Park BD, Jeong HW, Lee SM (2011) Morphology and chemical elements detection of cured urea-formaldehyde resins. J Appl Polym Sci 120:1475–1482
Pizzi A (2003) Urea-formaldehyde adhesives. Handbook of adhesive technology, revised and expanded. CRC press
Rajak ZIBHA., Eckelman CA (1993) Edge and face withdrawal strength of large screws in particleboard and medium density fiberboard. Forest Prod J 43(4):25
Roffael E, Athanassiadou E, Mantanis G (2002) Recycling of particle and fiberboards using the extruder technique. In: Proc. Umweltschutz in der Holzwerkstoffindustrie. Goettingen, Germany, Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, pp 56–65
Roffael E, Behn C, Schneider T, Krug D (2016) Bonding of recycled fibres with urea-formaldehyde resins. Int Wood Prod J 7(1):36–45
Singh AP, Nuryawan A, Park BD, Lee KH (2015) Urea-formaldehyde resin penetration into Pinus radiata tracheid walls assessed by TEM-EDXS. Holzforschung 69(3):303–306
Taheri F, Enayati AA, Pizzi A, Lemonon J, Layeghi M (2016) Evaluation of UF resin content in MDF boards after hot-pressing by Kjeldahl method. Eur J Wood Prod 74(2):237-242
TAPPI (1997) Organic nitrogen in paper and paperboard T 418 cm-97
TAPPI (2002) Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of paper extracts (hot extraction method) T 435 om-02
Thoemen H, Irle M, Sernek M (2010) Wood-based panels, an introduction for specialists. Brunel University Press, London
US EPA (2005) Municipal solid waste in the United States: 2003 facts and figures. U. S. Enviromental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
Wan H, Wang XM, Barry A, Shen J (2014) Recycling wood composite panels: characterizing recycled materials. BioResources 9(4):7554–7565
Wilcox KE (2014) Using regression analyses for the determination of protein structure from FTIR spectra. Thesis, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester
Xing C, Zhang SY, Deng J (2004) Effect of wood acidity and catalyst on UF resin gel time. Holzforschung 58:408–412
Yang I, Park DH, Choi WS, Ahn DU, Oh SC, Han GS (2018) Adhesive and curing properties of chicken feather/blood-based adhesives for the fabrication of medium-density fiberboards. J Adhes. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2017.1371597
Yoo KY, Yi S (2014) Evaluation and development of solid waste management plan: a case of Seoul for past and future 10 years. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 17(4):673–689
Acknowledgements
This study was carried out with the support from the Korea Forest Science Technology (Project No. 2015077B10-1718-AA01) provided by the Korea Forest Service (Korea Forestry Promotion Institute).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lubis, M.A.R., Hong, MK., Park, BD. et al. Effects of recycled fiber content on the properties of medium density fiberboard. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 76, 1515–1526 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-018-1326-8
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-018-1326-8