Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Embedment tests parallel-to-grain and ductility aspects using various wood species

Lochleibungsversuche in Faserrichtung und Duktilität bei der Verwendung unterschiedlicher Holzarten

  • Originals Originalarbeiten
  • Published:
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Embedment tests parallel-to-grain using dowels with different steel grades and five wood species were carried out. The specimen sampling with regard to density was random and the specimens were tested at different moisture contents. Furthermore, own tests were extended by results from literature. Observed ductility aspects using different wood species are discussed. Comparisons with the existing design equation in Eurocode 5 were made. It was found that the equation penalises species with higher densities. An adjustment of density and embedment strength to 12 % moisture content reduced the scatter considerably. Moreover, based on the test results, the sophisticated distinction of softwood in many strength classes based on minor differences in density is considered to be overly precise as far as embedment strength is concerned. An influence of the dowel steel grade was measured although the dowels remained elastic as required by standard embedment test protocols.

Zusammenfassung

Lochleibungsversuche in Faserrichtung mit fünf Holzarten und Stabdübeln unterschiedlicher Stahlgüte wurden ausgeführt. Die Zusammenstellung der Versuchskörper hinsichtlich der Rohdichte war zufällig und die Holzfeuchte zum Zeitpunkt der Versuche war unterschiedlich. Die eigenen Versuchsergebnisse wurden mit Ergebnissen aus der Literatur erweitert. Die beobachteten Duktilitätsunterschiede der verschiedenen Holzarten wurden diskutiert, und Vergleiche mit der derzeitigen Bemessungsregel in Eurocode 5 wurden gezogen, die Holzarten mit höheren Rohdichten benachteiligt. Die Anpassung der Rohdichte und der Lochleibungsfestigkeit an eine Holzfeuchte von 12 % verringerte die Streuung beträchtlich. Die Versuchsergebnisse zeigen, dass die bestehende Einteilung der Nadelhölzer in viele Festigkeitsklassen aufgrund geringer Rohdichteunterschiede zur Ermittlung der Lochleibungsfestigkeit unnötig genau ist. Ein Einfluss der Stahlgüte wurde beobachtet, obwohl, wie in den ma\(\ss\)gebenden Versuchsnormen gefordert, die Stabdübel elastisch blieben.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1 Abb. 1
Fig. 2 Abb. 2
Fig. 3 Abb. 3
Fig. 4 Abb. 4
Fig. 5 Abb. 5
Fig. 6 Abb. 6
Fig. 7 Abb. 7
Fig. 8 Abb. 8
Fig. 9 Abb. 9
Fig. 10 Abb. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Dias AMPG, van de Kuilen JWG, Cruz HMP, Lopes SMR (2010) Numerical modelling of the load-deformation behavior of doweled softwood and hardwood joints. Wood Fiber Sci 42:480–489

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehlbeck J, Werner H (1992a) Softwood and hardwood embedding strength for dowel-type fasteners. In: CIB-W18 Meeting 25 Paper 25-7-2, Ahus, Sweden

  • Ehlbeck J, Werner H (1992b) Tragfähigkeit von Laubholzverbindungen mit stabförmigen Verbindungsmitteln. Technical report, Forschungsbericht Versuchsanstalt für Stahl, Holz und Steine, Abt. Ingenieurholzbau, Universität Karlsruhe, Germany

  • EN-12512 (2001) Timber structures-test methods-cyclic testing of joints made with mechanical fasteners. European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels, Belgium

  • EN-1995-1-1 (2004) Eurocode 5. Design of timber structures—part 1-1: general-common rules and rules for buildings. European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels, Belgium

  • EN-338 (2009) Structural timber-strength classes. European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels, Belgium

  • EN-383 (2007) Timber structures-test methods-determination of embedment strength and foundation values for dowel-type fasteners. European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels, Belgium

  • EN-384 (2004) Structural timber-determination of characteristic values of mechanical properties and density. European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels, Belgium

  • Hübner U, Bogensperger T, Schickhofer G (2008) Embedding strength of European hardwoods. In: CIB-W18 Meeting 41 Paper 41-7-5, St. Andrews by-the-Sea, Canada

  • Van de Kuilen JWG (1999) The residual load carrying capacity of timber joints. Heron 44(3):187–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Kuilen JWG, Blass HJ (2005) Mechanical properties of azobé (Lophira alata). Holz Roh Werkst 63(1):1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NEN-5493 (2010) Quality requirements for hardwoods in civil engineering works and other structural applications. Nederlandse Norm, Delft, The Netherlands

  • Rodd PD (1973) The analysis of timber joints made with circular dowel connectors. Dissertation. University of Sussex, UK

  • Sandhaas C (2012) Mechanical behaviour of timber joints with slotted-in steel plates. Dissertation. Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

  • Sawata K, Yasumura M (2002) Determination of embedding strength of wood for dowel-type fasteners. J Wood Sci 48(2):138–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sosa Zitto M, Köhler J, Piter J (2012) Embedding strength in joints of fast-growing Argentinean Eucalyptus grandis with dowel-type fasteners. Analysis according to the criterion adopted by European standards. Eur Wood Prod 70:433–440

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vreeswijk B (2003) Timber joints using hardwood species. Master thesis. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

  • Whale LRJ, Smith I (1986a) The derivation of design clauses for nailed and bolted joints in Eurocode 5. In: CIB-W18 Meeting 19 Paper 19-7-6, Florence, Italy

  • Whale LRJ, Smith I (1986b) Mechanical joints in structural timber -Information for probabilistic design. Technical report, report 17/86, TRADA, High Wycombe, UK

  • Whale LRJ, Smith I (1986c) Mechanical timber joints. Technical report, report 18/86, TRADA, High Wycombe, UK

  • Whale LRJ, Smith I (1989) A method for measuring the embedding characteristics of wood and wood-based materials. Mater Struct 22:403–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Timber Structures and Building Construction, Karlsruhe, Germany

    C. Sandhaas & H. J. Blass

  2. Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

    G. J. P. Ravenshorst

  3. Holzforschung München, Munich, Germany

    J. W. G. van de Kuilen

Authors
  1. C. Sandhaas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G. J. P. Ravenshorst
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. H. J. Blass
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. W. G. van de Kuilen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. Sandhaas.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sandhaas, C., Ravenshorst, G.J.P., Blass, H.J. et al. Embedment tests parallel-to-grain and ductility aspects using various wood species. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 71, 599–608 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-013-0718-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-013-0718-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation