Abstract
Most tinnitus studies have attempted to compare groups of individuals, thus revealing inter-individuals differences, i.e., variations between compared subjects. For methodological reasons, inter-individual studies cannot take into account the variability of tinnitus experience, which has been known for decades to be relevant in daily practice with tinnitus patients. The concept of intra-individual variability has been promoted in the research literature, in order to shed light on this aspect of individual perception. In previous studies, unrelated to hearing, the concept of intra-individual variability implied inclusion of the environment (i.e., physical and social interactions) as a factor of individual performance. In tinnitus research, we believe that the concept of variability (within a person) could find a place beside the concept of variation (between groups of subjects). In this paper, four perspectives of tinnitus experiences from the clinical and research fields are described: (1) ENT consultation; (2) short-term group psychotherapy; (3) psychodynamic psychotherapy; and (4) clinical psychological research. Intra-individual variability stresses the importance of defining tinnitus in a dynamic way, contrary to the current definition of tinnitus as the perception of sound(s). In clinical practice, it is useful to embrace the perspective of the perceiver of tinnitus, and to include social and cultural circumstances as well as audiological/physical changes.
Zusammenfassung
Die meisten Tinnitusstudien haben versucht, Gruppen von Tinnituspatienten zu vergleichen und somit interindividuelle Variabilität, d. h. Unterschiede zwischen den Patienten, zu vergleichen. Aus methodischen Gründen können interindividuelle Studien leider keine Variabilität in der Tinnituserfahrung, die seit Jahrzehnten als relevant im täglichen Umgang mit Tinnituspatienten bekannt ist, berücksichtigen. Das Konzept der intraindividuellen Variabilität (intra-IV) wurde in der Forschungsliteratur gefördert, um diese konkreten Aspekte der individuellen Tinnituswahrnehmung zu klären. In den bisherigen, nicht in der Hörforschung durchgeführten Studien wurde im Rahmen des Konzepts intra-IV die Einbeziehung der Umgebung (d. h. physische und soziale Interaktionen) als Faktor der individuellen Leistung vorgeschlagen. Das Konzept der intraindividuellen Variabilität sollte unserer Meinung gleichwertig zu der interindividuellen Variabilität für die Tinnitusforschung in Betracht gezogen werden. In diesem Artikel werden 4 Perspektiven von Tinnituserfahrungen aus dem klinischen und dem Forschungsfeld beschrieben: i) HNO-Konsultation; ii) kurzfristige Gruppenpsychotherapie; iii) psychodynamische Psychotherapie und iv) klinisch-psychologische Forschung. Fazit: 1) Intraindividuelle Variabilität unterstreicht die Wichtigkeit, Tinnitus in einer dynamischen Art und Weise zu definieren, im Gegensatz zu der aktuellen Definition von Tinnitus als die Wahrnehmung von Phantomgeräuschen. 2) In der klinischen Praxis ist es sinnvoll, die Perspektive des Tinnituspatienten selbst ebenso miteinzubeziehen wie soziale und kulturelle Bedingungen sowie audiologische und physikalische Veränderungen.
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Conflict of interest. N. Dauman, S. Erlandsson, L. Lundlin, and R. Dauman state that there are no conflicts of interest. All studies on humans described in the present manuscript were carried out with the approval of the responsible ethics committee and in accordance with national law and the Helsinki Declaration of 1975 (in its current, revised form). Informed consent was obtained from all patients included in studies.
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Dauman, N., Erlandsson, S., Lundlin, L. et al. Intra-individual variability in tinnitus patients. HNO 63, 302–306 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00106-014-2978-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00106-014-2978-2