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Autoimmunsialadenitis

Autoimmune sialadenitis

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Zusammenfassung

Anhand der europäisch-amerikanischen Klassifikationskriterien lässt sich die Diagnose einer Autoimmunsialadenitis bei Sjögren-Syndrom in den meisten Fällen einfach stellen oder ausschließen. Zusätzlich ist die Sonographie in der Hand des HNO-Arztes hilfreich in der Diagnosestellung und Nachbeobachtung zur Früherkennung eines MALT-Lymphoms, das 5–10% der Patienten entwickeln. Die Therapie der Sicca-Symptomatik erfolgt symptomatisch durch Substitution von Flüssigkeit und Stimulation mit oralen Cholinergika. Kortikosteroide oder Antibiotika können bei schweren entzündlichen Schüben der Autoimmunsialadenitis hilfreich sein. Eine systemische Therapie mit immunmodulatorischen Medikamenten wie Azathioprin oder Cyclophosphamid ist Patienten mit extraglandulärer Manifestation vorbehalten, doch ist deren Wirksamkeit nicht durch Studien belegt. Mit Rituximab, einem monoklonalen CD20-Antikörper, besteht anscheinend nun erstmals die Möglichkeit einer kausalen Therapie; hierunter bilden sich die erkrankungstypischen lymphoepithelialen Läsionen in den Speicheldrüsen zurück und die Speichelproduktion bessert sich. Doch sind größere Therapiestudien nötig, um diese neue Behandlungsmöglichkeit endgültig bewerten zu können. Eine optimale Betreuung der Patienten setzt eine interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit vom HNO-Arzt, Kieferchirurg, Rheumatologen, Augenarzt, Zahnarzt und Pathologen voraus.

Abstract

Using the European-American classification criteria the diagnosis of autoimmune sialadenitis in Sjögren’s syndrome can generally be easily established or excluded. In addition, sonography performed by the ENT physician is helpful in diagnosing and especially in follow-up screening for MALT lymphomas, which 5%–10% of patients develop. Therapy of sicca symptoms is primarily symptomatic using substitution with fluids and stimulation with oral cholinergic drugs. Corticosteroids and/or antibiotics may play a role in patients with severe inflammatory episodes of autoimmune sialadenitis. Systemic therapy with immunomodulatory drugs such as azathioprine or cyclophosphamide is reserved for patients with extraglandular manifestations. However, the efficacy of this therapy is not proven by clinical studies. Rituximab, a new monoclonal CD20 antibody, seems to offer the first possibility of a causal therapy, under which the lymphoepithelial lesions in the salivary glands can disappear and saliva production improves. However, larger clinical studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of this new therapy. Optimal treatment of autoimmune sialadenitis requires interdisciplinary collaboration between ENT physician, oral and maxillofacial surgeon, rheumatologist, ophthalmologist, dentist, and pathologist.

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Guntinas-Lichius, O., Vissink, A. & Ihrler, S. Autoimmunsialadenitis. HNO 58, 200–210 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00106-009-2074-1

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