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Physiologie der Kopfhaut

Physiology of the scalp

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die menschliche Kopfhaut unterscheidet sich grundlegend von behaarter Haut anderer Körperregionen. Strukturell bietet die Kopfhaut einen effektiven Schutz vor Wasserverlust und trägt aufgrund der ausgeprägten Vaskularisation zur Regulation des Wärmehaushaltes bei. Die Innervation der Kopfhaut erfolgt über den Trigeminus-Nerv.

Fragestellung

Ein Großteil der Bevölkerung beklagt „empfindliche“ Kopfhaut. Dazu beitragende sensorische, regionale, ethnische und pathologische Parameter sind weitestgehend ungeklärt.

Material und Methoden

Es erfolgten quantitative sensorische Tests und oberflächliche Substanzapplikation.

Ergebnisse

Es bestehen besonders hohe sensorische Schwellenwerte auf thermische und mechanische Reize in der Scheitelmitte im Vergleich zur Region des Hinterhauptes oder behaarter Haut von Rumpf und Extremität. Vermehrt überempfindliche Kopfhaut kommt in asiatischer Bevölkerung und unter pathologischen Bedingungen, z. B. bei Alopezie, Schuppenflechte oder Migräne, vor.

Schlussfolgerungen

Mögliche Ursachen „empfindlicher“ Kopfhaut sind eine erleichterte transdermale Penetration von Irritanzien, eine veränderte neuronale Innervationsdichte, Rezeptorexpression für Reize oder periphere und zentrale Sensibilisierungsprozesse sensorischer Afferenzen.

Abstract

Background

Human scalp reveals a remarkable difference to hairy skin of other body regions. The structure of the scalp offers effective protection against water loss and contributes to thermoregulation due to significant vascularization. The scalp is innervated by the trigeminus nerve.

Objectives

The majority of the population complain about “sensitive” scalp. However, sensory, regional, ethnic or pathologic parameters contributing to “sensitive” scalp are largely unknown.

Materials and methods

Quantitative sensory tests and superficial topical application test of irritant substances were performed.

Results

Extremely high thresholds to thermal and mechanical stimuli were recorded at the vertex compared to occipital or temporal scalp regions, or the hairy skin of other body regions such as trunk or distal extremities. Pronounced scalp hypersensitivity can be found in Asians as compared to Caucasians and under pathologic conditions, such as alopecia, dandruff, or migraine.

Conclusions

Putative causes of “sensitive” scalp can be a facilitated transdermal penetration of irritant substances, altered neuronal innervation or receptor expression, or peripheral and central sensitization of sensory afferents.

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Correspondence to R. Rukwied.

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Interessenkonflikt

R. Rukwied gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Alle im vorliegenden Manuskript beschriebenen Untersuchungen am Menschen wurden mit Zustimmung der zuständigen Ethik-Kommission, im Einklang mit nationalem Recht sowie gemäß der Deklaration von Helsinki von 1975 (in der aktuellen, überarbeiteten Fassung) durchgeführt. Von allen beteiligten Probanden liegt eine Einverständniserklärung vor.

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Rukwied, R. Physiologie der Kopfhaut. Hautarzt 68, 431–436 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-017-3959-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-017-3959-7

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