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Cholestatischer Pruritus

Neues zur Pathophysiologie und aktuelle Therapie

Cholestatic pruritus

New insights into pathophysiology and current treatment

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Zusammenfassung

Pruritus ist ein häufiges Symptom cholestatischer Leber- und Gallenwegserkrankungen und kann die Lebensqualität der betroffenen Patienten ernsthaft einschränken. Cholestatischer Pruritus weist einen zirkadianen Rhythmus mit Maximum am Abend oder in den frühen Nachtstunden auf. Häufig ist der Pruritus am intensivsten an Handinnenflächen und Fußsohlen, er kann aber auch generalisiert auftreten. Die Pathogenese des cholestatischen Pruritus ist noch nicht eindeutig geklärt. In der Vergangenheit wurden Gallensalze, Histamin, Progesteronmetabolite und Opioide als mögliche auslösende Substanzen diskutiert, ohne dass jemals eine Korrelation mit der Pruritusintensität aufgezeigt werden konnte. Das Enzym Autotaxin, das Lysophosphatidsäure freisetzt, wurde kürzlich als mögliches cholestatisches Pruritogen identifiziert. Therapeutisch wird versucht, Pruritogene im Darmlumen mit Austauscherharzen zu binden, den Pruritogenmetabolismus durch Rifampicin zu modulieren und die Pruritusweiterleitung im zentralen Nervensystem durch μ-Antagonisten und selektive Serotoninwiederaufnahmehemmer zu beeinflussen. Bei therapieresistentem Pruritus können experimentelle Behandlungen wie UV-Bestrahlung, extrakorporale Albumindialyse und nasobiliäre Drainage erwogen werden.

Abstract

Pruritus is a common symptom of hepatobiliary disorders and may considerably diminish quality of life. Cholestatic pruritus exerts a circadian rhythm and is typically most severe in the evening hours and early at night. Itching is reported often to be most intense at the palms and the soles, but may also be generalized. The pathophysiological mechanisms of cholestatic pruritus have not been completely clarified. In the past, bile salts, histamine, progesterone metabolites and opioids have been discussed as potential causal substances; a correlation with itch intensity could never be proven. The enzyme autotaxin, which releases lysophosphatidic acid, has recently been identified as potential cholestatic pruritogen. Treatment aims to bind pruritogens in the gut lumen by resins such as cholestyramine, to modulate pruritogen metabolism by rifampicin and to influence central itch signaling by µ-opioid antagonists and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. In cases of refractory pruritus experimental treatment options such as UV-therapy, extracorporeal albumin dialysis and nasobiliary drainage may be considered.

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Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor weist für sich und seine Koautoren auf folgende Beziehungen hin: Die Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. U. Beuers hat finanzielle Unterstützung erhalten für Vorträge von Falk Foundation, Gilead, Roche, Schering-Plough und Zambon und für wissenschaftliche Projekte von der Deutschen Crohn-Colitis Vereinigung, der Norwegischen PSC-Stiftung und von Zambon.

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Correspondence to A.E. Kremer MD.

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Kremer, A., Oude Elferink, R. & Beuers, U. Cholestatischer Pruritus. Hautarzt 63, 532–538 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-011-2321-8

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