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Kontroverse: asymptomatische kleine pankreatische neuroendokrine Neoplasien

Aktuelle Standards in Diagnostik und Therapie

Controversy: asymptomatic small pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Current standards in diagnostics and treatment

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Bei inzwischen zunehmend diagnostizierten kleinen asymptomatischen sporadischen nichtfunktionellen pankreatischen neuroendokrinen Neoplasien (pNEN) besteht oft eine geringe oder unklare prognostische Relevanz der Erkrankung für das Überleben der Patienten.

Fragestellung

Sicherheit und Akzeptanz einer Beobachtungsstrategie vs. operativer Therapie bei kleinen, asymptomatischen nichtfunktionellen (NF-)pNEN.

Material und Methode

Darstellung und Auswertung der wesentlichen Originalliteratur und der entsprechenden nationalen wie europäischen Leitlinien.

Ergebnisse

Operationen kleiner NF-pNEN weisen Komplikationsraten von 15–32 % (Clavien-Dindo ≥ 3) und eine Mortalität von 3,6 % auf. Selbst bei pNEN < 2 cm bestehen in bis zu 11 % bereits Lymphknotenfiliae, deren prognostische Relevanz bei G1-pNEN im Vergleich zur aktiven Beobachtung bislang unklar bleibt. Durchschnittlich 14 % der Patienten mit kleiner NF-pNEN unter aktiver Beobachtung erhielten im Verlauf eine Resektion. Ein relevantes Tumorwachstum unter Beobachtung fand sich in < 20 % der Fälle. In allen gut selektionierten Serien fand sich keine neu aufgetretene distante oder lymphatische Metastasierung unter aktiver Beobachtung, insbesondere kein Fall einer metachron nicht mehr kurablen Erkrankung.

Diskussion

Auch kleine asymptomatische NF-pNEN haben ein geringes Metastasierungspotenzial, dessen klinische Relevanz prospektiv bisher nicht eindeutig geklärt ist. Eine kontrollierte Beobachtung dieser Tumoren ist zumindest eine Alternative zur sofortigen Tumorresektion. Insbesondere Patienten über 70 Jahre profitieren eher nicht von einer Resektion. Für und Wider einer Resektion sollten daher individuell mit dem Patienten abgewogen werden.

Abstract

Background

For the increasingly diagnosed entity of small asymptomatic, sporadic, nonfunctional, pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNEN), a negligible or at least unclear prognostic relevance of the disease for patient survival has often been observed.

Objective

Safety and acceptance of a watch-and-wait strategy versus surgical resection for small, asymptomatic nonfunctional (NF) pNEN.

Methods

Presentation and evaluation of the relevant literature as well as the corresponding national and European guidelines.

Results

Surgery of small NF-pNEN shows complication rates of 15–32% (Clavien-Dindo ≥ 3) and a mortality of 3.6%. Even for pNEN < 2 cm the presence of lymph node metastases has been observed in 11% of cases, while their prognostic relevance in G1-pNEN compared with active surveillance remains unclear. On average 14% of patients under active surveillance for small NF-pNEN, underwent a resection. Relevant tumor growth during surveillance was found in < 20% of cases. In all well-selected surveillance cohorts no metachronous lymphatic or distant metastases occurred during active surveillance and especially no cases of a metachronous no longer curable disease.

Conclusion

Even small asymptomatic NF-pNEN have a certain metastatic potential but the clinical relevance has prospectively not yet been clearly determined. Controlled surveillance of these tumors is at least an alternative to immediate tumor resection. Especially patients above 70 years old do not seem to benefit from resection. The pros and cons of a resection should therefore be individually evaluated with the patient.

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Correspondence to D. Wiese.

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D. Wiese und D.K. Bartsch geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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T. Hackert

M.W. Büchler, Heidelberg

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Wiese, D., Bartsch, D.K. Kontroverse: asymptomatische kleine pankreatische neuroendokrine Neoplasien. Chirurgie 93, 739–744 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-022-01647-2

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