Zusammenfassung
Das Verständnis für die Entstehung des Pankreaskarzinoms hat sich in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten erheblich weiterentwickelt. Hierfür sind vor allem die Fortschritte und der Einsatz von Verfahren zur molekularbiologischen Analyse von Pankreaskarzinomen verantwortlich. Es besteht mittlerweile ein grundlegendes Verständnis hinsichtlich der genetischen Treiber zur Entwicklung eines Pankreaskarzinoms, und die Korrelation mit klinischen Daten sowie die Klassifikation unterschiedlicher genetischer Merkmale einzelner Tumoren erlaubt schon partiell eine Prognoseeinschätzung. Die häufigste Mutation beim duktalen Adenokarzinom, die bei >90 % der Tumoren gefunden wird, ist die Mutation des KRAS-Onkogens. Die anderen drei, CDKN2A, p53 und SMAD4, sind allesamt Tumorsuppressorgene und bei etwa 90 %, 70 % bzw. 50 % der Karzinome mutiert. Außerdem konnten genetische Mutationen identifiziert werden, die für das Pankreaskarzinom prädisponieren. BRCA2, p16/CDKN2A, STK11, PRSS1, PALP2, FANCC und FANCG und ATM gehören zu den wichtigsten. Aus der Klassifikation verschiedener Subtypen oder der Kenntnis einzelner Mutationen (v. a. BRCA) kann ebenfalls in Einzelfällen das Therapieansprechen abgeschätzt werden. Die gilt für die „konventionellen“ Kombinationschemotherapien wie (v. a. FOLFIRINOX), aber auch für zielgerichtete Therapieansätze mit Tyrosinkinaseinhibitoren, PARP-Inhibitoren und PD-1-Inhibitoren. Wenn in der Zukunft die Kenntnisse zum Krankheitsverlauf und die Entscheidungen zu individuellen Therapien im klinischen Alltag etablierter werden, kann dies auch für die Chirurgie als wichtigste Säule der kurativen Therapie entscheidende Auswirkungen haben. Dies reicht von dem vermehrten Erreichen einer sekundären Operabilität bis hin zur Indikationsausweitung hinsichtlich der Resektion auch bei Patienten mit Metastasen.
Abstract
The understanding of the development of pancreatic cancer has undergone considerable development over the last two decades. This is mainly due to the progress and use of methods for molecular biological analysis of pancreatic carcinomas. There is now a fundamental understanding with respect to the genetic drivers for the development of pancreatic cancer and the correlation with clinical data as well as the classification of different genetic characteristics of individual tumors even enables an estimation of the prognosis in some cases. The most common mutation in ductal adenocarcinoma, which if found in >90% of tumors, is the mutation of the KRAS oncogene. The other three, CDKN2A, p53 and SMAD4, are all tumor suppressor genes and are mutated in approximately 90%, 70% and 50% of carcinomas, respectively. In addition, genetic mutations predisposing to pancreatic cancer have been identified. Among the most important are BRCA2, p16/CDKN2A, STK11, PRSS1, PALP2, FANCC, FANCG and ATM. The classification of different subtypes and the knowledge of individual mutations (especially BRCA) can also be used to assess the response to treatment in individual cases. This applies to “conventional” combination chemotherapies (especially FOLFIRINOX) and also to targeted treatment approaches with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, PARP inhibitors and PD‑1 inhibitors. If knowledge about the course of the disease and decisions on individual therapies become established in everyday clinical practice in the future, this may also have a decisive impact on surgery as the most important pillar of curative treatment. This ranges from the increased achievement of secondary operability to the expansion of indications with respect to resection even in patients with metastases.
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A.I. Damanakis, F. Gebauer und C.J. Bruns geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
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Damanakis, A.I., Gebauer, F. & Bruns, C.J. Molekulare Prädiktoren für den Krankheitsverlauf und die individualisierte Therapie beim Pankreaskarzinom. Chirurg 91, 642–649 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-020-01172-0
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Schlüsselwörter
- Target-Therapie
- Molekulare Prädiktoren
- Individualisierte Therapiekonzepte
- Molekulargenetik
- Prognose
Keywords
- Targeted therapies
- Molecular predictors
- Individualized treatment concepts
- Molecular genetics
- Prognosis