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Nekrotisierende Fasziitis der Extremitäten und des Stamms

Necrotizing fasciitis of the extremities and trunk

Zusammenfassung

Die nekrotisierende Fasziitis gehört als lebensbedrohliche Infektion zur Gruppe der aggressiv verlaufenden nekrotisierenden Haut- und Weichgewebeinfektionen. Die Diagnose wird primär klinisch gestellt. Anfänglich können eher unspezifische Symptome ohne wegweisende kutane Veränderungen auftreten. Der weitere Verlauf ist gekennzeichnet durch außergewöhnliche Schmerzen, typische kutane Manifestationen (z. B. landkartenartige Nekrosezonen) sowie eine hohe systemische Toxizität. Um die Prognose durch eine Zeitverzögerung nicht weiter zu verschlechtern, sollte keine extensive Diagnostik durchgeführt werden. Die betroffenen Patienten bedürfen eines radikalen chirurgischen Débridements und Redébridements, um eine Fokussanierung zu erreichen. Parallel muss eine hochdosierte Breitspektrumantibiotikatherapie initiiert und eine differenzierte Intensivtherapie durchgeführt werden. Der Wert adjunktiver Maßnahmen (hyperbare Oxygenation, Gabe von Immunglobulinen) ist nicht gesichert, weswegen der Routineeinsatz dieser Therapieansätze derzeit nicht empfohlen werden kann. Eine enge interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit ist erforderlich, um das Leben und die Extremität der betroffenen Patienten zu retten.

Abstract

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a disease of a group of entities with an aggressive course summarized under the term necrotizing skin and soft-tissue infections (NSTI). It is a life-threatening and often disabling infection and is primarily clinically diagnosed. Initially, clinical signs of infection can be insidious and confounded by absence of fever and typical cutaneous lesions. The later course is characterized by soft tissue lesions, excessive pain and systemic toxicity. As the infection can spread rapidly, and as a delay in treatment is associated with increased mortality, additional diagnostic imaging should be confined to a minimum. Prompt and radical surgical debridement (including repeated debridement after 24 h) is a prerequisite for survival in NF. Also, prompt administration of high-dose broad-spectrum antibiotics and a differentiated intensive treatment are necessary. The role of immunoglobulins and hyperbaric oxygenation remains controversial, therefore, the routine use of these measures cannot be recommended at the moment. Close interdisciplinary collaboration is required in order to optimize the treatment and to save life and limb of patients suffering from this life-threatening infection.

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Correspondence to C. Eckmann.

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Interessenkonflikt

C. Eckmann gibt an, Vortragshonorare von folgenden Firmen erhalten zu haben: Angelini, Menarini, MSD, Nabriva, Pfizer. S. Maier gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Eckmann, C., Maier, S. Nekrotisierende Fasziitis der Extremitäten und des Stamms. Chirurg 91, 301–306 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-019-01082-w

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