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Rationale Diagnostik der akuten Appendizitis

Rational diagnostics of acute appendicitis

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Zusammenfassung

Die akute Appendizitis gehört zu den häufigsten abdominellen Notfällen. Die präoperative Diagnosestellung und die Festlegung auf die Diagnose „Appendizitis“ bleiben in vielen Fällen eine Herausforderung. Anamnese und Klinik sind nach wie vor von zentraler Bedeutung. Um die Zahl der Fehldiagnosen zu senken, werden aber weitere diagnostische Hilfsmittel benötigt. Dies sind in erster Linie Laborparameter und bildgebende Verfahren; Score-Systeme können verwendet werden, um eine Risikostratifizierung vorzunehmen. Unter den bildgebenden Verfahren hat sich vor allem in Nordamerika die Computertomographie vielerorts an erster Stelle etabliert und vermag die Zahl der negativen Appendektomien in den Bereich von unter 5 % zu senken. Aufgrund der hohen Strahlenbelastung wird ihre routinemäßige Anwendung bei den oft jungen Patienten hierzulande weitgehend abgelehnt. Die Sonographie bietet sich als erstes bildgebendes Verfahren an und kann in erfahrener Hand ebenfalls sehr gute Ergebnisse erzielen. Bei unklaren Fällen stellt die stationäre Überwachung mit engmaschiger klinischer und laborchemischer Reevaluation eine geeignete Methode dar, die Zahl der negativen Explorationen zu verringern, ohne eine Steigerung der Perforationsrate oder der Morbidität zu bedingen.

Abstract

Acute appendicitis is one of the most common abdominal emergencies. An accurate preoperative diagnosis is still a challenge in many cases. Patient history and clinical examination are the mainstay of diagnostics but other tools are also needed in order to reduce the number of misdiagnoses. Laboratory parameters and radiological imaging procedures are widely used and scoring systems can help in the risk stratification of patients with suspected appendicitis. In the USA most patients undergo preoperative computed tomography (CT) as the first-line examination, which can reduce the number of negative appendectomies to less than 5%; however, this practice results in substantial radiation exposure and is less accepted in Europe due to concerns about radiation-induced cancer in the often younger patients. Ultrasound is a valuable first-line imaging procedure and in experienced hands can achieve very good results. In patients with an equivocal diagnosis inpatient surveillance with close control of clinical and laboratory parameter represents a suitable method to reduce the number of negative explorations without resulting in an increase in the rate of perforation or morbidity.

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Danksagung

Abb. 1 und 2 wurden von Dr. Tim Kleffel, Klinik für Diagnostische Radiologie und Neuroradiologie, Klinikum Augsburg, freundlicherweise überlassen.

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Correspondence to M. Hoffmann.

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M. Hoffmann und M. Anthuber geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Hoffmann, M., Anthuber, M. Rationale Diagnostik der akuten Appendizitis. Chirurg 90, 173–177 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-018-0755-6

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