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Pathologie der Frühkarzinome des Gastrointestinaltrakts

Definition, Grundlagen und Diagnose

Pathology of early stage cancer of the gastrointestinal tract

Definition, principles and diagnosis

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Frühkarzinome des Gastrointestinaltrakts stellen maligne Erkrankungen dar, die oft für eine lokale Therapie in Betracht kommen und eine exzellente Prognose aufweisen.

Fragstellung

Darstellung der pathologischen Diagnostik.

Material und Methode

Die Entitäten werden geordnet nach ihrer Lokalisation und unter Berücksichtigung aktueller Leitlinien und der relevanten Literatur behandelt.

Ergebnisse

Die exakte histopathologische Diagnostik von Frühkarzinomen des Gastrointestinaltrakts stellt die Basis für das weitere therapeutische Vorgehen dar. Grundsätzlich besteht hier in der Mehrzahl der Fälle die Möglichkeit einer lokalen organerhaltenden Resektion, die im Vergleich zur Organresektion mit einer geringeren Verweildauer in der Klinik und geringerer Morbidität vergesellschaftet ist. Damit diese nicht auf Kosten einer erhöhten Rezidiv‑/Progressionsrate erreicht wird, ist eine optimale Risikoabschätzung durch eine perfekte histopathologische Stadieneinteilung erforderlich. Diese umfasst die Beurteilung der Eindringtiefe, das Grading, das Auftreten von Gefäßeinbrüchen sowie die Absetzungsflächen.

Schlussfolgerung

Molekulare Untersuchungen haben mit Ausnahme der Fragestellung einer möglicherweise zugrunde liegenden hereditären Erkrankung derzeit keinen etablierten Stellenwert. Die exakte histopathologische Diagnostik gastrointestinaler Frühkarzinome stellt die Grundlage für die erfolgreiche und schonende Behandlung dar.

Abstract

Background

Early stage cancers of the gastrointestinal tract are malignant tumors that are eligible for local therapy regimens and show an excellent prognosis.

Objective

This article explains the histopathological aspects of the various diseases that are covered by this topic.

Methods

Organ-preserving therapies are discussed according to their locations and under consideration of the current guidelines and the relevant literature.

Results

The exact histopathological evaluation of early cancers of the gastrointestinal tract is of crucial importance. It is the essential basis for all further therapy decisions. In most cases, an option for a local resection is given. In comparison to partial or complete organ resections, local resection is associated with a significantly decreased morbidity and reduced length of hospital stays; however, it must be ensured that local therapies do not become responsible for increased rates of tumor recurrence and progression. Therefore, an optimal risk estimation based on a sophisticated histopathological classification is mandatory. This includes the evaluation of the infiltration depth, grading, lymphovascular invasion and resection margins.

Conclusion

Molecular analyses have not yet entered clinical practice. The only exceptions are investigations to detect hereditary diseases. The exact histopathological diagnostic of early gastrointestinal cancers is the basis of an effective and organ-preserving therapy.

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Correspondence to B. Märkl.

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B. Märkl und B. Martin geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Märkl, B., Martin, B. Pathologie der Frühkarzinome des Gastrointestinaltrakts. Chirurg 89, 333–338 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-018-0602-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-018-0602-9

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