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Die akute und chronische Mediastinitis

Acute and chronic mediastinitis

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Eine Systematik in der Genese und dem möglichen Verlauf der akuten Mediastinitis ist die Voraussetzung für eine adäquate Diagnostik und Therapie. Die chronische Mediastinitis stellt im klinischen Alltag eine Rarität dar.

Material und Methoden

Es wurde eine selektive Literaturauswertung durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse

Die akute Infektion des Mediastinums tritt nach Perforation mediastinaler Strukturen, wie dem Ösophagus und der Trachea, meistens iatrogen sowie als deszendierende Infektion ausgehend von einem oropharyngealen Infektfokus als deszendierende (nekrotisierende) Mediastinitis (DM/DNM) auf. Die Mortalitätsrate der Ösophagusverletzung, unabhängig von der Ursache, wird heute mit 12 % angegeben. Die DM/DNM entsteht über die barrierefreie Ausbreitung entlang der zervikothorakalen Räume und ist eine schwere Infektion, die sich als septisches Krankheitsbild darstellt. Die Mortalität wird in der Literatur heute bis 14 % angegeben. Die chronische Mediastinitis ist eine sehr seltene Erkrankung die durch die Proliferation fibrösen und kollagenen Gewebes im Mediastinum gekennzeichnet ist. Die Genese ist unklar, es wird ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang mit einer Histoplasma-capsulatum-Infektion diskutiert. Die Prognose ist gut.

Schlussfolgerung

Nach Perforation von Ösophagus oder Trachea besteht immer die Möglichkeit einer Infektion des Mediastinums. Deshalb wird nach Diagnosesicherung eine frühzeitige Diagnostik und Therapie einsetzen. Bei der DM/DNM gilt es, für den Zusammenhang zwischen oropharyngealem Fokus und Mediastinitis zu sensibilisieren und beim geringsten Verdacht eine bildgebende Diagnostik einzuleiten. Die chronische Mediastinitis, als sehr seltene Erkrankung mit sehr unterschiedlichen Verläufen, kann diagnostisch problematisch sein. Eine histologische Abklärung zur Abgrenzung von einer malignen Erkrankung erscheint sinnvoll.

Abstract

Background

A systematic approach to the etiology and possible course of acute mediastinitis is a prerequisite for adequate diagnostics and therapy. Chronic mediastinitis represents a rarity in the clinical practice.

Material and method

A selective literature search was carried out.

Results

An acute infection of the mediastinum occurs after perforation of mediastinal structures, such as the esophagus and trachea mostly of iatrogenic origin and as descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) from oropharyngeal foci. The mortality rate of esophageal injuries, irrespective of the cause is currently given as 12 %. A DNM results from an unobstructed spread along the cervicothoracic spaces and is a severe infection which manifests as a clinical picture of sepsis. The mortality rate given in the currently available literature is 14 %. Chronic mediastinitis is a very rare condition which is characterized by the proliferation of fibrous and collagenous tissue in the mediastinum. Whereas the pathogenesis remains unclear, there are indications for a Histoplasma capsulatum infection as the causal link. The prognosis is good.

Conclusion

After perforation of the esophagus or trachea there is always the risk of an infection of the mediastinum; therefore, the diagnosis is followed by further evaluation and early therapy. The DNM can cause unspecific symptoms of sepsis without an obvious focal point. It is important to be aware of a possible correlation between an oropharyngeal center of infection and mediastinitis in order to initiate appropriate diagnostic imaging in cases with the slightest suspicion. Chronic mediastinitis is a rare condition with varying courses and can be difficult to diagnose. An histological clarification for distinction from malignant diseases appears to be a sensible approach.

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Kluge, J. Die akute und chronische Mediastinitis. Chirurg 87, 469–477 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-016-0172-7

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