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Spezielle chirurgische Komplikationen bei chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen

Special surgical complications in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases

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Zusammenfassung

Nach kolo- und anorektalen Eingriffen wegen chronisch entzündlicher Darmerkrankungen treten spezifische Komplikationen auf.

Beim M. Crohn treten Komplikationen nach der Proktokolektomie auf. Die Omentumplastik im kleinen Becken hilft, infektiösen Komplikationen vorzubeugen. Bei Sakralhöhlenverhalt erleichtert eine nachträgliche Analsphinkterdurchtrennung und als Ultima Ratio die M.-gracilis-Transposistion die Abheilung. Nach Fistelchirurgie ist bei Frührezidiv eine Refadendrainage anzulegen.

Komplikationen nach Proktokolektomie mit ileoanaler Pouchanlage sind mannigfaltig. In der Akutsituation sind die Insuffizienz und der pelvine Abzess die ernsteste und führende Komplikation. Die transperineale mit transanaler Drainage stellt die Therapie der Wahl dar. Technische und septische Langzeitkomplikationen sind auch nach über 36-jähriger Existenz des Operationsverfahrens ein relevantes Problem. Eine dezidierte Diagnostik und ein konsequentes Angehen des Problems helfen bei 75 % der Patienten mit Pouchkomplikationen, einen Pouch in eine gute Funktion zu überführen.

Abstract

After colorectal and anorectal interventions for chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, specific complications can occur.

In Crohn’s disease these complications mainly occur after proctocolectomy. Pelvic sepsis can be prevented by omentoplasty with fixation inside the pelvis. A persisting sepsis of the sacral cavity can be treated primarily by dissection of the anal sphincter which ensures better drainage. In cases of chronic sacral sepsis, transposition of the gracilis muscle is a further effective option. Early recurrence of a transsphincteric anal fistula should be treated by reinsertion of a silicon seton drainage.

Complications after restorative proctocolectomy are frequent and manifold (35 %). The main acute complications are anastomotic leakage and pelvic sepsis. Therapy consists of transperineal drainage of the abscess with simultaneous transanal drainage. Late complications due to technical and septic reasons are still a relevant problem even 36 years after introduction of this operative technique. A consistent approach with detailed diagnostic and surgical therapy results in a 75 % rescue rate of ileoanal pouches.

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- Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. A.J. Kroesen gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Kroesen, A. Spezielle chirurgische Komplikationen bei chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen. Chirurg 86, 332–337 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-014-2850-7

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