Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiologie der Adipositas

Epidemiology of obesity

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Chirurg Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Jahrzehnte intensiver Adipositasforschung lieferten bis heute kein allgemein akzeptiertes Behandlungskonzept zur sicheren und dauerhaften Gewichtsreduktion. Die Adipositas dringt trotz der Bedeutung, die jeder ihr zumisst, offenbar unaufhaltsam vor. Kann man wirklich von einer Adipositasepidemie sprechen? In dieser Übersicht werden Studien der letzten 10 Jahre aus Deutschland, Europa und weltweit ausgewertet und in Beziehung gesetzt zu früheren Daten.

In den USA sind etwa 32,9% der Erwachsenen adipös und 13% der Kinder. In Europa sind es 15,7% der Erwachsenen und 4% der Kinder und Jugendlichen. In Deutschland finden sich 22,9% adipöse Erwachsene, bei den Kindern und Jugendlichen sind es 6,3%. Die Verteilungsunterschiede sind weltweit offenbar charakteristisch: Die Adipositas kommt häufiger bei Frauen vor, ebenso bei Menschen mit niedrigem Sozialstatus oder bei Migranten. Jede 7. schwarze US-Amerikanerin hat einen Body-Mass-Index ab 40 kg/m2 (morbide Adipositas). Die Adipositas nimmt weltweit weiter zu, besonders bei Kindern. Die morbide Adipositas steigt doppelt so rasch und holt die Prävalenz des Diabetes mellitus zunehmend ein.

Zusammenfassend wandelt sich die Adipositas zurzeit von einer unterschätzten Randerscheinung in eine bedeutsame nationale und internationale Epidemie. Es ist absehbar, dass die entstehenden Kosten für Prävention und Behandlung der Adipositas sowie ihrer Folgekrankheiten von den Gesundheitssystemen nicht mehr für jeden getragen werden können. So erklärt sich, warum die Adipositas politisch nicht als chronische Krankheit anerkannt wird.

Abstract

Decades of obesity research have yielded no generally accepted strategy for safe and lasting weight loss. In spite of the importance given to it, obesity seems to be spreading like a virus. Is there really an epidemic of obesity? This survey looks at studies of the last 10 years from Germany, Europe, and worldwide and compares them with older data.

Currently 32.9% of US adults and 13% of US children are obese; in Europe 15.7% of adults are obese and 4% of children and adolescents; in Germany 22.9% of adults are obese, while the figure is 6.3% for children and adolescents. Obviously there are characteristic differences in the worldwide distribution: obesity is more prevalent among women and also in lower social classes or among migrants. Every seventh non-Hispanic black woman in the US has a body mass index of over 40 kg/m2 (morbid obesity). Obesity is increasing worldwide, especially among children. Morbid obesity is growing twice as fast as diabetes mellitus prevalence and will overtake it.

In summary, obesity has developed from a secondary issue to a major national and international epidemic. In the near future, costs of prevention and treatment of obesity and its complications can no longer be covered by the health system. This explains why obesity is politically not recognized as a chronic illness.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abb. 1

Abbreviations

AGA:

Arbeitsgemeinschaft Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter

BMI:

Body-Mass-Index: Körpergewicht in kg bezogen auf die Körperlänge in Metern zum Quadrat [kg/m2]

BMI AGA:

Body-Mass-Index der AGA, gemessen in Perzentilen des alters- und geschlechtsspezifischen BMI bei Kindern und Jugendlichen

BRFSS:

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System – Seit den 1980er Jahren laufende longitudinale kontinuierliche Überwachung des Gewichtsverlaufs und anderer Parameter bei Erwachsenen (18 Jahre und älter) in den verschiedenen Staaten der USA; Datenerhebung mittels zufälliger Telefonanrufe

DGKJ:

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin

HBSC-Studie:

Health Behavior of School Aged Children, eine Studie der WHO

IASO:

International Association for the Study of Obesity – Dachgesellschaft nationaler Adipositasgesellschaften aus 56 Ländern (Stand 2008)

IOTF:

International Obesity Taskforce (www.iotf.org)

IWF:

Internationaler Währungsfonds

KiGGS:

Studie zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland (www.kiggs.de)

NASH:

nichtalkoholische Steatohepatitis

NCHS:

National Center for Health Statistics

NHANES:

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm); systematische Erfassung von allgemeinen Gesundheits- und Ernährungsdaten in den USA; bisher sind NHANES I (1971–1974), NHANES II (1976–1980), NHANES III (1988–1994), NHANES 1999–2000, NHANES 2001–2002, NHANES 2003–2004, NHANES 2005–2006 durchgeführt worden; seit 1999 handelt es sich um eine kontinuierliche fortgesetzte Untersuchung

SEEDO:

Spanish Society for the Study of Obesity

WHO:

World Health Organization; Weltgesundheitsorganisation.

Literatur

  1. Amorim Cruz JA (2006) Epidemiology and management of obesity in Portugal. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 76: 260–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Anonymous (2000) Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health. U.S. Government Printing Office 2000, Washington, DC

  3. Arroyo P, Loria A, Mendez O (2004) Changes in the household calorie supply during the 1994 economic crisis in Mexico and its implications on the obesity epidemic. Nutr Rev 62: 163–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bergmann E, Menzel E, Bergmann KE (1990) Verbreitung von Übergewicht in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Tätigkeitsbericht 1990 des Bundesgesundheitsamtes

  5. Bogers RP, Bemelmans WJ, Hoogenveen RT et al. (2007) Association of overweight with increased risk of coronary heart disease partly independent of blood pressure and cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies including more than 300 000 persons. Arch Intern Med 167: 1720–1728

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bray GA, Bellanger T (2006) Epidemiology, trends, and morbidities of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Endocrine 29: 109–117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Brownell KD, Yach D (2006) Lessons from a small country about the global obesity crisis. Global Health 2: 11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bult MJF, Van Dalen T, Muller AF (2008) Surgical treatment of obesity. Eur J Endocrinol 158: 135–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Cdc (2000) Obesity 1960–1999, USA. In: p PDF of Powerpoint-Slides

  10. Cdc (2008) Overweight and obesity. In: CDC (ed) Overweight and obesity. CDC

  11. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A et al. (1995) Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med 122: 481–486

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM et al. (2000) Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ 320: 1240–1243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Dixon JB, O’brien PE, Playfair J et al. (2008) Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299: 316–323

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS (2002) Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet 360: 473–482

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ellert U, Wirz J, Ziese T (2006) Telefonischer Gesundheitssurvey des Robert Koch-Instituts (2. Welle). Robert Koch-Institut Berlin, Berlin

  16. Engel A, Murphy RS, Maurer K et al. (1978) Plan and operation of the HANES I augmentation survey of adults 25–74 years United States, 1974–1975. Vital Health Stat 1: 1–110

    Google Scholar 

  17. Erbersdobler HF (2006) Epidemiology and management of obesity in Germany. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 76: 257–259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL et al. (2002) Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000. JAMA 288: 1723–1727

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Fontaine KR, Redden DT, Wang C et al. (2003) Years of life lost due to obesity. JAMA 289: 187–193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK et al. (2002) Trends and correlates of class 3 obesity in the United States from 1990 through 2000. JAMA 288: 1758–1761

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gill T (2006) Epidemiology and health impact of obesity: an Asia Pacific perspective. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr Suppl 15: 3–14

    Google Scholar 

  22. Goh VH, Tain CF, Tong TY et al. (2004) Are BMI and other anthropometric measures appropriate as indices for obesity? A study in an Asian population. J Lipid Res 45: 1892–1898

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Goldberg JP, Belury MA, Elam P et al. (2004) The obesity crisis: don’t blame it on the pyramid. J Am Diet Assoc 104: 1141–1147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Grun F, Blumberg B (2007) Perturbed nuclear receptor signaling by environmental obesogens as emerging factors in the obesity crisis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 8: 161–171

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL et al. (2004) Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999–2002. JAMA 291: 2847–2850

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hensrud DD, Klein S (2006) Extreme obesity: a new medical crisis in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc [Suppl 10] 81: S5–S10

  27. Iotf (2008) Adult overweight and obesity in the European Union (EU27). In: IOTF (ed) Table with data for overweight and obesity from 27 European countries. International Obesity Taskforce, Monte Carlo

  28. Iotf (2003) Call for obesity review as overweight numbers reach 1.7 billion. In: Force IOT (ed) Call for obesity review as overweight numbers reach 1.7 billion. International Obesity Task Force, Monte Carlo

  29. James PT, Rigby N, Leach R (2004) The obesity epidemic, metabolic syndrome and future prevention strategies. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 11: 3–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Klein S (2004) The national obesity crisis: a call for action. Gastroenterology 126: 6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kurth BM, Schaffrath Rosario A (2007) The prevalence of overweight and obese children and adolescents living in Germany. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 50: 736–743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Levine J, Peters J, Saris W et al. (2002) Impact of physical activity on the emerging crisis of obesity in Asia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr [Suppl 8] 11: S710–S713

  33. Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R (2004) Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obes Rev [Suppl 1] 5: 4–104

  34. Lobstein T, Jackson-Leach R (2007) Child overweight and obesity in the USA: prevalence rates according to IOTF definitions. Int J Pediatr Obes 2: 62–64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Lobstein T, Millstone E (2007) Context for the PorGrow study: Europe’s obesity crisis. Obes Rev [Suppl 2] 8: 7–16

    Google Scholar 

  36. Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Martinez JA, Hu FB et al. (1999) Physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle and obesity in the European Union. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23: 1192–1201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford ES et al. (2001) The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. JAMA 286: 1195–1200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH et al. (1999) The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991–1998. JAMA 282: 1519–1522

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Müller MJ, Maier H, Mann R (2007) Nationaler Aktionsplan gegen das Übergewicht. In: Deutsche Adipositas Gesellschaft e. V.

  40. Norton K, Dollman J, Martin M et al. (2006) Descriptive epidemiology of childhood overweight and obesity in Australia: 1901–2003. Int J Pediatr Obes 1: 232–238

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR et al. (2006) Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA 295: 1549–1555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ogden CL, Yanovski SZ, Carroll MD et al. (2007) The epidemiology of obesity. Gastroenterology 132: 2087–2102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F et al. (2003) Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis. Ann Intern Med 138: 24–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Perez-Rodrigo C, Aranceta Bartrina J, Serra Majem L et al. (2006) Epidemiology of obesity in Spain. Dietary guidelines and strategies for prevention. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 76: 163–171

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Reilly JJ (2005) Descriptive epidemiology and health consequences of childhood obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 19: 327–341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rissanen A, Knekt P, Heliovaara M et al. (1991) Weight and mortality in Finnish women. J Clin Epidemiol 44: 787–795

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Sakamoto M (2006) The situation of the epidemiology and management of obesity in Japan. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 76: 253–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Seidell JC (2005) Epidemiology of obesity. Semin Vasc Med 5: 3–14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Singapore-Government (2005) Revision of body mass index (BMI) cut-offs in Singapore. In: Board HP (ed) Press Releases 2005. Singapore Government – Ministry of Health, Singapore

  50. Sturm R (2003) Increases in clinically severe obesity in the United States, 1986–2000. Arch Intern Med 163: 2146–2148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Tsarmaklis G, Dietrich S, Papadopoulou N et al. (2006) Prävalenz von Übergewicht und Adipositas bei 6–12-jährigen Kindern: Vergleich zwischen Wien und Athen – The prevalence of overweight and obesity in 6–12-year-old children in Vienna and Athens. Akt Ernähr Med 31: 73–76

    Google Scholar 

  52. Vieno A, Santinello M, Martini MC (2005) Epidemiology of overweight and obesity among Italian early adolescents: relation with physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc 14: 100–107

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Who (2006) Europäische Charta zur Bekämpfung der Adipositas. In: http: //www.euro.who.int/document/e89567 g.pdf. WHO

Download references

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik B, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 33, 48149, Münster, Deutschland

    R. Gellner & W. Domschke

Authors
  1. R. Gellner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. W. Domschke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Gellner.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gellner, R., Domschke, W. Epidemiologie der Adipositas. Chirurg 79, 807–818 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-008-1534-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-008-1534-6

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Search

Navigation