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Wichtige, durch Vektoren übertragene Infektionskrankheiten beim Menschen in Deutschland

Epidemiologische Aspekte

Important vector-borne infectious diseases among humans in Germany

Epidemiological aspects

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Humanpathogene, vektorübertragene Infektionserreger spielen für Deutschland eine bedeutende Rolle. Die endemischen, zoonotischen Infektionserreger sind entweder bundesweit verbreitet (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu latu) oder kommen in bestimmten geografischen Regionen vor (FSME-Viren, Hantaviren). Sie verursachen eine erhebliche Krankheitslast. Ihre Prävention und Kontrolle beruhen im Wesentlichen auf Aufklärung und persönlichen Schutzmaßnahmen (FSME-Impfung, Schutz vor Vektoren). Eine gute Surveillance, ergänzt um gezielte epidemiologische Studien, ist Voraussetzung zur Bewertung der räumlich-zeitlichen Infektionsrisiken und der Wirksamkeit von Präventionsmaßnahmen. Neben den endemischen Erregern müssen die importierten, durch Vektoren – zumeist Mücken – übertragenen Erreger im Rahmen der Surveillance-Aktivitäten ebenfalls systematisch und intensiv beobachtet werden, zum einen, um das Risiko für Reisende aus Deutschland einschätzen zu können, zum anderen, um das Risiko einer möglichen autochthonen Übertragung adäquat bewerten zu können. Hierbei sind weitere Faktoren zu berücksichtigen (Etablierung von invasiven Mückenarten in Deutschland, zunehmende Erwärmung). Unter diesen Erregern sind vor allem das West-Nil-Virus, das Denguevirus, das Chikungunyavirus und der Malariaerreger (Plasmodien) zu nennen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag geben wir einen Überblick über die epidemiologische Situation bei ausgewählten, für Deutschland besonders relevanten, durch Vektor-übertragene Erreger ausgelösten Infektionskrankheiten.

Abstract

Vector-borne infections pathogenic to humans play an important role in Germany. The relevant zoonotic pathogens are either endemic throughout Germany (e.g. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu latu) or only in specific regions, e.g. tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus and hantavirus. They cause a substantial burden of disease. Prevention and control largely rely on public advice and the application of personal protective measures (e.g. TBE virus vaccination and protection against vectors). High quality surveillance and targeted epidemiological studies are fundamental for the evaluation of temporal and spatial risks of infection and the effectiveness of preventive measures. Aside from endemic pathogens, vector-borne infections acquired abroad, mostly transmitted by mosquitoes, have to be systematically and intensively monitored as well, to assess the risk of infection for German residents traveling abroad and to adequately evaluate the risk of autochthonous transmission. Related issues, such as invasive species of mosquitoes in Germany and climate change, have to be taken into consideration. Such pathogens include West Nile, dengue and chikungunya viruses, as well as malaria parasites (Plasmodium species). The article presents an overview of the epidemiological situation of selected relevant vector-borne infections in Germany.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. C. Frank, M. Faber, W. Hellenbrand, H. Wilking und K. Stark geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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  1. Robert Koch-Institut, FG35, Seestr. 10, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland

    C. Frank, M. Faber, W. Hellenbrand, H. Wilking &  K. Stark

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  1. C. Frank
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  3. W. Hellenbrand
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Correspondence to K. Stark.

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Frank, C., Faber, M., Hellenbrand, W. et al. Wichtige, durch Vektoren übertragene Infektionskrankheiten beim Menschen in Deutschland. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 57, 557–567 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-013-1925-9

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