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Monitoring von gesundheitsgefährdenden Nagetieren

Projekte, Ziele und Ergebnisse

Monitoring populations of rodent reservoirs of zoonotic diseases

Projects, aims and results

  • Leitthema
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Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Nagetiere sind Reservoirwirte für zoonotische Krankheitserreger, die auf Mensch, Haus- und Nutztiere übertragen werden können und dort z. T. schwere Erkrankungen hervorrufen. Solche Zoonoseerreger repräsentieren mehr als zwei Drittel der heute bekannten humanpathogenen Krankheitserreger. Die Epidemiologie einiger Zoonoseerreger (z. B. Hantaviren) ist an die Populationsdynamik von Nagetieren gebunden. Kommt es zu einer Massenvermehrung bei der Reservoirart, können gehäuft Humanerkrankungen auftreten. Bei anderen Nagetier-übertragenen Zoonoseerregern sind solche Phänomene nicht bekannt; z. T. ist die Nagetierwirtsspezifität dieser Erreger noch unklar. Ein Monitoring relevanter Nagetierpopulationen und assoziierter zoonotischer Pathogene ist unabdingbar, um 1.) die Verbreitung und Epidemiologie der Zoonoseerreger zu verstehen und 2.) Vorhersagesysteme für Zoonoseausbrüche zu entwickeln. Momentan existieren in Deutschland aber keine systematischen und langfristigen Aktivitäten, weil sich Monitoringvorhaben im Wesentlichen auf den Bereich Pflanzenschutz [Feldmaus (Microtus arvalis), forstschädliche Nagetiere] beschränken. Jedoch gab es seit dem Jahr 2000 projektspezifische Arbeiten über jeweils wenige Jahre und Monitoringprogramme zum Vorkommen vor allem von Wanderratten (Rattus norvegicus) in Niedersachen und Hamburg. Dank der intensiven Zusammenarbeit von Behörden und Forschungseinrichtungen ist es gelungen, zahlreiche Informationen zur Verbreitung und Bedeutung Nagetier-übertragener Zoonosen zu sammeln. Für das Verständnis der Verbindung zwischen Nagetier-Populationsdynamik und dem Zoonosegeschehen und speziell zur Entwicklung von Risikoprognosen sind aber räumlich und zeitlich ausgedehnte Monitoringprogramme erforderlich. Dabei sollten bestehende Netzwerke und Kooperationsbeziehungen genutzt, weitere Kooperationspartner (z. B. Schädlingsbekämpfungsfirmen) einbezogen und Synergien der unterschiedlichen Forschungsbereiche genutzt werden.

Abstract

Rodents can harbor and transmit pathogens that can cause severe disease in humans, companion animals and livestock. Such zoonotic pathogens comprise more than two thirds of the currently known human pathogens. The epidemiology of some zoonotic pathogens, such as hantaviruses, can be linked to the population dynamics of the rodent host. In this case, during an outbreak of the rodent host population many human infections may occur. In other rodent-borne zoonotic diseases such phenomena are not known and in many cases the rodent host specificity of a given pathogen is unclear. The monitoring of relevant rodent populations and of the rodent-borne zoonotic pathogens is essential to (1) understand the distribution and epidemiology of pathogens and (2) develop forecasting tools to predict outbreaks of zoonoses. Presently, there are no systematic long-term monitoring programs in place for zoonoses in Germany. Rodent monitoring activities are largely restricted to the plant protection sector, such as for the common vole (Microtus arvalis) and forest-damaging rodents. However, during the last 10–15 years a number of specific research projects have been initiated and run for a few years and Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) monitoring has been implemented in Hamburg and Lower Saxony. Based on close cooperation of federal and state authorities and research institutions these efforts could be utilized to gain information about the distribution and importance of rodent-borne zoonoses. Nevertheless, for the integration of rodent population dynamics and zoonotic disease patterns and especially for developing predictive models, long-term monitoring is urgently required. To establish a systematic long-term monitoring program, existing networks and cooperation need to be used, additional collaborators (e.g., pest control operators) should be included and synergetic effects of different scientific fields should be utilized.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. J. Jacob, R.G. Ulrich, J. Freise und E. Schmolz geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen, Institut für Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Wirbeltierforschung, Julius Kühn-Institut, Toppheideweg 88, 48161, Münster, Deutschland

    J. Jacob

  2. Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Institut für neue und neuartige Tierseuchenerreger, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Deutschland

    R.G. Ulrich

  3. Task-Force Veterinärwesen, Fachbereich Schädlingsbekämpfung, Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oldenburg, Deutschland

    J. Freise

  4. FG IV 1.4 Gesundheitsschädlinge und ihre Bekämpfung, Umweltbundesamt, Berlin, Deutschland

    E. Schmolz

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  1. J. Jacob
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  2. R.G. Ulrich
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Correspondence to J. Jacob.

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Jacob, J., Ulrich, R., Freise, J. et al. Monitoring von gesundheitsgefährdenden Nagetieren. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 57, 511–518 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-013-1924-x

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