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Übergewicht und Adipositas bei Kindern und Jugendlichen

Die weltweite Situation

Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

The worldwide situation

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Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die Prävalenz von Übergewicht und Adipositas ist weltweit deutlich angestiegen. Dabei ist eine Zunahme der Adipositasprävalenz nicht nur bei Erwachsenen, sondern auch bei Kindern zu beobachten. Die Publikationen zur Prävalenz von Übergewicht und Adipositas beziehen sich jedoch auf jeweils unterschiedliche Altersgruppen, uneinheitliche Erhebungsmethoden und Daten, die in verschiedenen Zeiträumen erhoben wurden. Zudem werden unterschiedliche Referenzsysteme zur Klassifikation von Übergewicht und Adipositas eingesetzt, was einen weltweiten Vergleich zusätzlich erschwert. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden diese Probleme genauer erörtert und verschiedene Referenzsysteme vorgestellt sowie deren Auswirkung auf die Einstufung von Übergewicht und Adipositas und somit auf die Prävalenzabschätzung illustriert. Abschließend werden auf Basis der zur Verfügung stehenden weltweiten Daten Karten zur Verteilung der Übergewichts- und Adipositasprävalenz bei Kindern und Jugendlichen erstellt und kritisch diskutiert. Auch wenn man davon ausgehen kann, dass diese Daten unter Einhaltung der bestmöglichen Qualitätsstandards erhoben wurden, beeinträchtigt das Fehlen eines standardisierten Studienprotokolls die Vergleichbarkeit der Daten zwischen den Ländern. Offensichtliche Einschränkungen ergeben sich diesbezüglich durch die Verwendung verschiedener Referenzsysteme, variierender Stichprobenpläne und unterschiedlicher Altersgruppen. Weniger offensichtliche Limitationen resultieren beispielsweise aus den verschiedenen Verfahren zur Messung anthropometrischer Parameter bis hin zu der Tatsache, dass zum Teil Gewicht und Größe nicht gemessen, sondern lediglich abgefragt werden.

Abstract

There is a worldwide increase of overweight and obesity not only in adults, but also in children. Data used to estimate prevalence are, however, collected in differing age groups using nonstandardized measurements and instruments and refer to differing time periods. Moreover, various reference systems to classify overweight and obesity exist, thus, adding to the difficulty in comparing countries. In this paper, these problems are discussed in detail. The most common reference systems are introduced, and their impact on the estimation of the prevalence of overweight and obesity is demonstrated. Based on available data of the global situation, maps that depict the worldwide distribution of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are presented. Finally, these maps will be discussed critically. Although it may be assumed that these data are collected according to the best quality standards available, the lack of a unified protocol to conduct studies on childhood obesity hampers the comparability of data between countries. Obvious limitations in that respect are the use of different reference systems, differing sampling schemes, and differing age groups. More subtle limitations result from, e.g., different measurement methods, including self-reported weight and height.

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Correspondence to I. Pigeot.

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___Hinweis_____

Die Arbeit wurde unterstützt durch das „Kompetenznetz Adipositas“, gefördert vom deutschen Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Förderkennzeichen DLR 01GI0822).

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Pigeot, I., Buck, C., Herrmann, D. et al. Übergewicht und Adipositas bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 53, 653–665 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-010-1082-3

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