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Stand der Pharmakogenetik in der klinischen Arzneimitteltherapie

State of the art of pharmacogenetic diagnostics in drug therapy

  • Leitthema: Genetik und Gesundheitsforschung, Teil 1: Grundlagen
  • Published:
Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Individuelle Unterschiede in der Wirkung und Nebenwirkung von Medikamenten sind unter anderem durch individuelle Variationen in den genetischen Eigenschaften, d.h. durch genetische Polymorphismen, bedingt. Diese erblichen Polymorphismen finden sich sowohl in Genen, die für Enzyme des Arzneistoffmetabolismus und Arzneistofftransportes kodieren, als auch in Genen für die unterschiedlichsten direkten und indirekten Zielmoleküle von Medikamenten. Während genetische Varianten von Enzymen des Arzneistoffmetabolismus und Arzneimitteltransportes indirekt über die Pharmakokinetik (und damit Exposition der Gewebe) Auswirkungen auf die Effektivität einer Arzneitherapie haben, können Polymorphismen in den Zielmolekülen die Wirkstärke direkt beeinflussen und ein breites Spektrum an Folgen zeigen, das von einer Unwirksamkeit bis hin zu schweren überdosierungsbedingten Nebenwirkungen reichen kann. Allerdings ist unser Wissen über Varianten in Zielmolekülen von Medikamenten heute noch weniger fundiert als das über die Polymorphismen mit Einfluss auf die Pharmakokinetik. Ziel der pharmakogenetischen Diagnostik ist es, anhand molekulargenetischer Profile die individuelle Arzneimittelwirkung oder das Risiko für Nebenwirkungen besser vorhersagen zu können. Therapieempfehlungen können insbesondere bei Polymorphismen des Arzneistoffmetabolismus und -transportes in Form von Dosierungsanpassungen gegeben werden, die zu einem weniger variablen bzw. einem zuverlässigeren Plasmaspiegel und Konzentrationsverlauf von Medikamenten führen. Derzeit gibt es in Deutschland erst wenige Beispiele für die Anwendung genetischer Tests zur Verbesserung und Individualisierung der Arzneitherapie in der klinischen Praxis. Die Gründe hierfür sind vielfältig. Zum einen liegen diese im noch wenig verbreiteten Wissen über die Pharmakogenetik, zum anderen in der noch immer mangelnden schnellen und kostengünstigen Verfügbarkeit der entsprechenden Labortests. Von großer Bedeutung ist in diesem Zusammenhang aber wohl, dass die meisten Ergebnisse pharmakogenetischer Forschung bisher nicht in konkrete, therapeutisch verwertbare Schlussfolgerungen und Therapieempfehlungen gemündet sind. Damit ist in vielen Fällen die Testung auf einen Genotyp noch nicht sinnvoll. Die pharmakogenetische Forschung steht hier häufig erst an der Schwelle zur klinischen Anwendbarkeit. Für eine Reihe anderer arzneimitteltherapeutischer Maßnahmen, etwa vor einer Azathioprin-Therapie (Bestimmung der Thiopurin-Methyltransferase-Aktivität), vor einer 5-Fluorouracilbehandlung (Dihydropyrimidindehydrogenase-Diagnostik) oder vor Therapie mit bestimmten trizyklischen Antidepressiva bzw. Neuroleptika (CYP2D6-Diagnostik) muss man aber heute schon fragen, ob ihre Durchführung ohne eine vorangehende pharmakogenetische Diagnostik noch zu vertreten ist.

Abstract

Individual differences in the effect and side effect of drugs are partly due to genetic factors (genetic polymorphisms). The responsible polymorphisms lie in genes encoding for drug metabolism and transport but also in direct and indirect drug targets. While genetic variants in pharmacokinetic structures exert effects on drug efficacy via the differences in drug exposure, polymorphisms in drug targets can directly affect clinical efficacy and may lead to a broad variation spectrum between inefficacy and severe side effects. However, at present, our knowledge on genetic variants in drug targets is less detailed than the knowledge on pharmacogenetic variability within drug metabolism. A goal of pharmacogenetic diagnostics implemented in clinical practice is to better predict the individual drug effects on the basis of molecular-genetic profiles. Therapy recommendations can be given as dose adjustments, in particular in the case of polymorphisms of drug metabolizing enzymes which will lead to less variable drug concentrations. At present there are few examples of the application of pharmacogenetic tests in Germany in order to improve and individualize drug therapy. The reasons for this are multifold. On the one hand it is due to the limited awareness of pharmacogenetics; on the other hand it may be due to the lack of fast and economical availability of the appropriate laboratory tests. The most important reason, however, may be that most results of pharmacogenetic research are so far not translated into therapeutically usable conclusions and therapy recommendations. Thus, testing for a genotype without concrete consequences for the drug therapy of an individual patient does not make sense. Pharmacogenetic research, thereby, stands in many cases at the threshold to clinical applicability and in many cases, for instance for the genotyping for thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphisms prior to azathioprine therapy or of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase polymorphisms prior to treatment with 5-fluorouracil, as well as for diagnostics of CYP2D6 before therapy with certain tricyclic antidepressants and neuroleptics, one would ask already today whether a such drug therapy is still responsible without pharmacogenetic diagnostics.

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Kirchheiner, J., Seeringer, A. & Brockmöller, J. Stand der Pharmakogenetik in der klinischen Arzneimitteltherapie. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 49, 995–1003 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-006-0045-1

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