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Hypoxische pulmonale Vasokonstriktion

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

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Zusammenfassung

Die HPV ist bis heute der einzig bekannte pulmonale Blutfluß-Regulationsmechanismus, der zu einer Umverteilung des Blutflusses aus hypoxischen Arealen in besser oxygenierte Areale der Lunge führt. In allen Situationen, die mit einer Minderbelüftung von Lungenarealen einhergehen, erlangt die HPV physiologische Bedeutung. Ihre Wirkung kann eingeschränkt werden durch Medikamente (Inhalationsanästhetika, direkte Vasodilatatoren), Sepsis, vasodilatierende Mediatoren und Veränderungen des Säure-Basen-Status. Sowohl Azidose als auch Alkalose schwächen die HPV, am stärksten die Alkalose. Keinen Einfluß haben PEEP-Beatmung, offener oder geschlossener Thorax sowie die Art der alveolären Hypoxie (Stickstoffbeatmung oder Atelektase). Der Einfluß auf den paO 2 ist abhängig von der Größe des hypoxischen Segments. Er ist maximal, wenn das hypoxische Areal zwischen 30 und 60% der Lunge beträgt. Die Vasokonstriktion vollzieht sich vor allem in Arteriolen mit einer Lichtenweite von <500 μm unter dem Einfluß der die Muskelzellen umgebenden Sauerstoffkonzentration. Sie wird bestimmt durch die alveoläre als auch gemischt-venöse Sauerstoffspannung. Der intrazelluläre Mechanismus der HPV ist unklar.

Abstract

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) was first described by von Euler and Liljestrand in 1946 and is still the only known vascular feedback control mechanism in the lung. This technique results in a redistribution of blood flow away from poorly ventilated areas into better ventilated regions, thus reducing shunt. HPV functions as a local mechanism that acts in response to alveolar hypoxia but in the smallest areas of the lung, making it an important mechanism in all situations where ventilation perfusion mismatch occurs. To be effective, HPV needs normal pulmonary areas into which blood flow can be diverted. This explains why the efficacy of the treatment depends on the area that is vasoconstricted. The effect on PaO2 is maximal when the amount of the hypoxic lung ist 30–70%. If the area in vasoconstriction is small, the influence on PaO2 is negligible. On the other hand, when most of the lung is hypoxic, there is no significant normoxic region to which the hypoxic region can divert flow. In that case it does not matter, in terms of PaO2, whether the hypoxic region has active hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction or not. In this situation HPV becomes a rather detrimental mechanism, because it causes an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. At some stage a turning point, where the gain in PaO2 is lost due to an increase in right ventricular afterload, inducing a decrease in CO. The reaction is diminished by exogenous manipulations, drugs (inhalation anesthetics, direct vasodilators), endotoxin, very low PaO2 values, vasodilating mediators and changes in the acid-base balance. Acidosis and alcalosis inhibit HPV. Factors like spontaneous or mechanical ventilation, PEEP, open or closed chest, and the type of hypoxia (atelectasis or nitrogen) have no influence on HPV. The small arteries, those less than 500 μm in diameter, were identified as the location of the hypoxic constriction. Pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells in pure culture undergo reversible and repeated hypoxic constriction. Examination of a histological lung section emphasizes that the small arteries are closely surrounded by alveoli gas on the outside and by mixed venous blood on the inside. Thus, the response is believed to be accounted for by each smooth muscle cell in the pulmonary arterial wall responding proportionally to the local oxygen tension in its vicinity and depending on alveolar as well as mixed venous oxygen pressure. The biochemical intracellular mechanism remains unknown.

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Theissen, J., Meißner, A. Hypoxische pulmonale Vasokonstriktion. Anaesthesist 45, 643–652 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/s001010050298

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001010050298

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