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Längenverhältnis von Trachealtubus zur Larynxmaske

Kritischer Punkt bei der fiberoptischen Intubation im Kindesalter

Distance from the laryngeal mask grip to endotracheal tube tip

A crucial point during fiberoptic intubation in children

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die fiberoptisch geführte endotracheale Intubation über die Larynxmaske ist eine Standardtechnik im Management des unerwartet schwierigen Atemwegs im Kindesalter. Je nach Produkt kann der Endotrachealtubus (ETT) im Verhältnis zur Larynxmaske kritisch kurz sein und den Erfolg der Technik gefährden. Solche kritischen Konstellationen wurden in vitro untersucht.

Material und Methode

Sechs verschiedene supraglottische Atemwegshilfen („supraglottic airway devices“, SAD) der Größen 1 bis 3 und 2 unterschiedliche ETT (gecufft sowie ungecufft) wurden untersucht. Für jede SAD-Größe wurde das vom Hersteller empfohlene Patientengewicht anhand von Wachstumskurven mit dem Patientenalter korreliert und mögliche ETT-Größen festgelegt. Der ETT wurde vollständig in die SAD eingeführt und die den SAD-Cuff überragende ETT-Spitze vermessen.

Ergebnisse

Ungecuffte Tuben werden für einen Patienten dicker gewählt als gecuffte. Sie sind damit entsprechend länger und überragen den SAD-Cuff mehr als gecuffte ETT. Vergleicht man die gebogenen SAD-Modelle AuraOnce™ und Aura-i™, hat die Aura-i™ in allen Größen den kürzeren Schaft und lässt den ETT weiter über den SAD-Cuff hinausragen. Die geraden SAD-Modelle cLMA™, AuraStraight™ und Unique™ weisen untereinander ähnliche Längenverhältnisse auf. Im Vergleich mit i-gel® resultieren bei ihnen in den Größen 1 bis 2,5 längere überstehende Tubusspitzen. Einzig in der Größe 3 zeigt i-gel® zusammen mit AuraStraight™ die längsten überstehenden Tubusspitzen. Der Einsatz eines Bronchoskopadapters führt teilweise zur kritischen Verkürzung der Längenverhältnisse von SAD und ETT.

Schlussfolgerungen

Für die fiberoptische Intubation über eine SAD sind eine für den Patienten eher kleinere SAD sowie ein primär ungecuffter, größerer und damit auch längerer Tubus vorteilhaft. Das Material muss vor Anwendung insbesondere auf Längenverhältnisse überprüft werden. Der Einsatz eines Bronchoskopadapters ist in Anbetracht einer zusätzlichen SAD-Verlängerung kritisch zu evaluieren.

Abstract

Background

Management of difficult airways and difficult intubation differs in pediatric and in adult patients. In conscious children, fiberoptic intubation is not feasible because of limited compliance. The specially designed laryngeal mask for blind tracheal intubation, LMA Fastrach™, is available for adolescents and adults only. Therefore, fiberoptic-guided intubation through a supraglottic airway device (SAD) is a standard technique for the management of difficult intubation in children. While performing the procedure, stabile positioning of the endotracheal tube (ETT) and prevention of dislodgement are critical issues. The relationship between the length of the ETT and the SAD is highly important and was investigated in this in vitro study.

Materials and methods

In this study 6 different brands of SAD in the pediatric sizes 1–3 and 2 different ETT brands (cuffed, Microcuff®, uncuffed, Sheridan PED-SOFT™) were investigated. Using pediatric growth tables, the recommended patient weight for each SAD size was correlated to patient age and then to appropriately sized cuffed and uncuffed ETTs. The ETT size was chosen according to the manufacturer’s recommendations (cuffed ETT) and according to the literature (uncuffed ETT). The various SAD-ETT pairs were assessed with regard to differences in their length. After lubrication with silicone the ETT with a firmly attached 15 mm tube adapter was maximally inserted into the SAD and the ETT tip overlapping the SAD cuff was measured. Secondarily, an adapter for fiberoptic procedures was interposed and the measurements repeated.

Results

For a defined patient uncuffed ETTs were usually selected with a larger internal diameter (ID) compared to cuffed ETTs. Therefore, the uncuffed ETT is the longer one and will overlap the SAD by a longer tip. Comparing the curved SAD brands AuraOnce™ and Aura-i™, the Aura-i™ devices generally showed shorter tubes resulting in a longer protruding ETT tip (median 1.5 cm, minimum–maximum 1.0–2.4 cm). The straight brands LMA classic™, AuraStraight™ and LMA Unique™ showed similarity in tube length. In comparison with i-gel®, for the SAD sizes 1-2.5 the former provide a longer projecting ETT tip. Only i-gel® together with AuraStraight™ showed the longest overlapping ETT tip for SAD size 3. If a swivel adapter was used during the fiberoptic intubation procedure, the length of the ETT could be critically reduced in relation to the length of the SAD. Using a swivel adapter from VBM Medizintechnik, (Sulz a. N., Germany) a relative reduction in ETT length of 2.3 or 3.2 cm has to be taken into account.

Conclusions

For fiberoptic-guided endotracheal intubation through an SAD, sufficient length of the ETT in relation to the SAD is mandatory. Differences in geometry between SAD and ETT brands have to be considered. The selection of a relatively small SAD in combination with an uncuffed ETT might be advantageous. Redesigned extra long ETTs would be desirable to decrease the risk for ETT dislocation and to increase the safety of the technique. Restrictive use of a swivel adapter during the procedure is important because of further and potentially critical decreases in ETT length. In addition, after successful intubation of the trachea, removal of the SAD via an airway exchange catheter and replacement of the cuffed ETT of choice in the correct position is recommended to secure the airway and provide unimpaired ventilation and oxygenation.

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Interessenkonflikt

Die korrespondierende Autorin weist auf folgende Beziehung hin: Prof. M. Weiss war an der Entwicklung und Testung des Microcuff PET (Microcuff GmbH, Weinheim) mitbeteiligt.

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Correspondence to J. Mauch.

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Mauch, J., Haas, T. & Weiss, M. Längenverhältnis von Trachealtubus zur Larynxmaske. Anaesthesist 61, 123–128 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-012-1983-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-012-1983-7

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