Skip to main content
Log in

Erblindung nach nichtophthalmologischen Eingriffen

Perioperative visual loss after nonocular surgery

  • CME Weiterbildung · Zertifizierte Fortbildung
  • Published:
Der Anaesthesist Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Die Erblindung nach nichtophthalmologischen Eingriffen („perioperative visual loss“, POVL) ist eine seltene, aber unerwartete und schwerwiegende Komplikation, die am häufigsten bei Herz-, Wirbelsäulen- und Kopf-Hals-Operationen auftritt. Die Ätiologie von POVL bleibt unvollständig erforscht. Jedes Segment des visuellen Systems kann betroffen sein, von der Hornhaut bis zum Okzipitalkortex. Die häufigste Lokalisation der dauerhaften Schädigung aber ist der Sehnerv, und der am häufigsten vermutete Mechanismus ist die Ischämie. Mehrere Faktoren können das Risiko für perioperativen Sehverlust erhöhen, einschließlich lange Operationsdauer in Bauchlage, verminderter okulärer Perfusionsdruck, übermäßiger Blutverlust/Anämie, Hypotonie, Hypoxie, übermäßige Flüssigkeitssubstitution, erhöhter Venendruck, Art der Kopfpositionierung sowie eine patientenspezifische anatomische oder physiologische vaskuläre Prädisposition. Allerdings können die Risikofaktoren für bestimmte Patienten oder Verfahren sehr variabel sein. Die den neuroophthalmologischen Komplikationen zugrunde liegende spezifische Pathogenese bleibt wenig bekannt; dies erfordert besondere Wachsamkeit des Anästhesisten zur Vermeidung von POVL in der perioperativen Phase. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Häufigkeit, vermutete Risikofaktoren, Diagnose und die Behandlung von POVL nach nichtophthalmologischen Eingriffen.

Abstract

Perioperative visual loss (POVL) after nonocular surgery is a rare but unexpected event and represents a devastating complication. It is most often associated with cardiac, spinal as well as head and neck surgery. The etiology of POVL remains incompletely understood. Any portion of the visual system may be involved, from the cornea to the occipital lobe. The most common site of permanent injury is, however, the optic nerve itself and ischemia is the most often presumed mechanism. Multiple factors have been proposed as risk factors for POVL, including long duration in the prone position, decreased ocular perfusion pressure, excessive blood loss and anemia, hypotension, hypoxia, excessive fluid replacement, elevated venous pressure, head positioning and a patient-specific vascular susceptibility which may be anatomic or physiologic. However, the risk factors for any given patient or procedure may vary. The underlying specific pathogenesis of these neuro-ophthalmic complications remains unknown and physicians should be alert to the potential for loss of vision in the postoperative period. This review updates readers on the incidence, suspected risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of POVL in the setting of nonocular surgery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3
Abb. 4

Literatur

  1. Cheng MA, Todorov A, Tempelhoff R et al (2001) The effect of prone positioning on intraocular pressure in anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology 95:1351–1355

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Dunker S, Hsu HY, Sebag J et al (2002) Perioperative risk factors for posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. J Am Coll Surg 194:705–710

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Frost EA (2010) Visual loss after anesthesia different causes: different solutions – a review. Middle East J Anesthesiol 20:639–648

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Goepfert CE, Ifune C, Tempelhoff R (2010) Ischemic optic neuropathy: are we any further? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 23:582–587

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Grehn F (1998) Augenheilkunde. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg New York Tokio

  6. Holy SE, Tsai JH, Mcallister RK et al (2009) Perioperative ischemic optic neuropathy: a case control analysis of 126,666 surgical procedures at a single institution. Anesthesiology 110:246–253

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Johnson MW, Kincaid MC, Trobe JD (1987) Bilateral retrobulbar optic nerve infarctions after blood loss and hypotension. A clinicopathologic case study. Ophthalmology 94:1577–1584

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kalyani SD, Miller NR, Dong LM et al (2004) Incidence of and risk factors for perioperative optic neuropathy after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 78:34–37

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Lang GK (2000) Augenheilkunde. Thieme, Stuttgart

  10. Lanz T, Wachsmuth W (1979) Praktische Anatomie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio

  11. Larson CP Jr (2007) Excessive crystalloid infusion may contribute to ischemic optic neuropathy. Anesthesiology 106:1249; author reply 1251–1242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lee LA, Roth S, Posner KL et al (2006) The American Society of Anesthesiologists Postoperative Visual Loss Registry: analysis of 93 spine surgery cases with postoperative visual loss. Anesthesiology 105:652–659; quiz 867–658

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Liang Y, Downs JC, Fortune B et al (2009) Impact of systemic blood pressure on the relationship between intraocular pressure and blood flow in the optic nerve head of nonhuman primates. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:2154–2160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Myers MA, Hamilton SR, Bogosian AJ et al (1997) Visual loss as a complication of spine surgery. A review of 37 cases. Spine 22:1325–1329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Nawa Y, Jaques JD, Miller NR et al (1992) Bilateral posterior optic neuropathy after bilateral radical neck dissection and hypotension. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 230:301–308

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Newman NJ (2008) Perioperative visual loss after nonocular surgeries. Am J Ophthalmol 145:604–610

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Patil CG, Lad EM, Lad SP et al (2008) Visual loss after spine surgery: a population-based study. Spine 33:1491–1496

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blindness (2006) Practice advisory for perioperative visual loss associated with spine surgery: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists task force on perioperative blindness. Anesthesiology 104:1319–1328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Riva CE, Hero M, Titze P et al (1997) Autoregulation of human optic nerve head blood flow in response to acute changes in ocular perfusion pressure. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 235:618–626

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Roth S (2009) Perioperative visual loss: what do we know, what can we do? Br J Anaesth 103 (Suppl 1):i31–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Roth S (2010) Postoperative visual loss. In: Miller R (Hrsg) Miller’s Anesthesia. Elsevier, New York, S 2821–2841

  22. Schobel GA, Schmidbauer M, Millesi W et al (1995) Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy following bilateral radical neck dissection. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 24:283–287

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Selim M (2007) Perioperative stroke. N Engl J Med 356:706–713

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Shaw PJ, Bates D, Cartlidge NE et al (1987) Neuro-ophthalmological complications of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Acta Neurol Scand 76:1–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Shen Y, Drum M, Roth S (2009) The prevalence of perioperative visual loss in the United States: a 10-year study from 1996 to 2005 of spinal, orthopedic, cardiac, and general surgery. Anesth Analg 109:1534–1545

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Stevens WR, Glazer PA, Kelley SD et al (1997) Ophthalmic complications after spinal surgery. Spine 22:1319–1324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sullivan SR, Ahmadi AJ, Singh CN et al (2006) Elevated orbital pressure: another untoward effect of massive resuscitation after burn injury. J Trauma 60:72–76

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Williams EL, Hart WM Jr, Tempelhoff R (1995) Postoperative ischemic optic neuropathy. Anesth Analg 80:1018–1029

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Warner ME, Fronapfel PJ, Hebl JR et al (2002) Perioperative visual changes. Anesthesiology 96:855–859

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Warner ME, Warner MA, Garrity JA et al (2001) The frequency of perioperative vision loss. Anesth Analg 93:1417–1421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Weissauer W (2005) Neue Aufklärungs- und Anamnesebogen. Anpassung an die medizinische und forensische Entwicklung. http://www.dgai.de/06pdf/02_145-anaesth-Versorg.pdf

  32. Williams EL, Hart WM Jr, Tempelhoff R (1995) Postoperative ischemic optic neuropathy. Anesth Analg 80:1018–1029

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Shmygalev.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shmygalev, S., Heller, A. Erblindung nach nichtophthalmologischen Eingriffen. Anaesthesist 60, 683–694 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-011-1908-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-011-1908-x

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation