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Elektrische Nervenstimulation für Plexus- und Nervenblockaden

Electrical nerve stimulation for plexus and nerve blocks

  • Regionalanästhesie
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Zusammenfassung

Trotz der zunehmenden Anwendung des Ultraschalls repräsentiert die elektrische Nervenstimulation derzeit wahrscheinlich noch den quantitativ überwiegenden Standard bei der Durchführung von Plexusanästhesien und peripheren Nervenblockaden. In den letzten Jahren haben zahlreiche Untersuchungen zu einem besseren Verständnis physiologischer und klinischer Zusammenhänge beigetragen. Die verwendeten Stromstärken und Impulsbreiten in Abhängigkeit vom Abstand zwischen Nadelspitze und Nerv sind mittlerweile auch an Patienten besser definiert worden. Handelsübliche Geräte erlauben eine transkutane Nervenstimulation und eröffnen damit neue Möglichkeiten beim Auffinden von Punktionsstellen sowie bei der Ausbildung. Eine elektrisch optimale Nadelposition wird in der Regel über motorische Stimulationsantworten definiert, die ohne profunde funktionell-anatomische Kenntnisse nicht interpretierbar sind. So können interskalenäre Blockaden auch über motorische Reaktionen im M. deltoideus oder in der Pektoralismuskulatur erfolgreich sein. Infraklavikuläre Blockaden sollten eine Stimulation des posterioren Faszikels anstreben (Extensionsbewegungen). Axilläre Single-shot-Verfahren führen häufiger zu inkompletten Blockaden verglichen mit dem Aufsuchen der Einzelnerven weiter distal. Für Blockaden des N. femoralis ist es möglich, ganz auf Stimulationen zu verzichten, wenn ein Fascia-iliaca-Block durchgeführt wird. Unabhängig von den zahllosen Zugangsvarianten für den N. ischiadicus sind eine Supinations-/Inversionsbewegung oder die Plantarflexion die beste Option für Single-shot-Blockaden. Ob Stimulationskatheter einen entscheidenden Vorteil bei kontinuierlichen Blockaden bieten, bleibt Gegenstand weiterer klinischer Untersuchungen.

Abstract

Despite the increasing use of ultrasound, electrical nerve stimulation is commonly used as the standard for both plexus and peripheral nerve blocks. Several recent randomized trials have contributed to a better understanding of physiological and clinical correlations. Traditionally used currents and impulse widths are better defined in relation to the distance between needle tip and nerves. Commercially available devices enable transcutaneous nerve stimulation and provide new opportunities for the detection of puncture sites and for training. The electrically ideal position of the needle usually is defined by motor responses which can not be interpreted without profound anatomical knowledge. For instance, interscalene blocks can be successful even after motor responses of deltoid or pectoral muscles. Infraclavicular blocks should be aimed at stimulation of the posterior fascicle (extension). In contrast to multiple single nerve blocks, axillary single-shot blocks more commonly result in incomplete anaesthesia. Blockade of the femoral nerve can be performed without any nerve stimulation if the fascia iliaca block is used. Independently of the various approaches to the sciatic nerve, inversion and plantar flexion are the best options for single-shot blocks. Further clinical trials are needed to define the advantages of stimulating catheters in continuous nerve blocks.

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Birnbaum, J., Klotz, E., Bogusch, G. et al. Elektrische Nervenstimulation für Plexus- und Nervenblockaden. Anaesthesist 56, 1155–1162 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-007-1238-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-007-1238-1

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