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Echokardiographie bei akuter hämodynamischer Instabilität

Echocardiography during acute hemodynamic instability

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Zusammenfassung

Komplexere Operationen, gepaart mit einem immer kränker werdenden Patientengut, erfordern ein differenziertes hämodynamisches Monitoring in der perioperativen Phase. Über die letzten 15 Jahre kristallisiert sich die Echokardiographie zunehmend als ein besonders wertvolles diagnostisches Instrument für den Intensivmediziner heraus. Mit keinem anderen Monitoringverfahren gelingt es mit so geringer Invasivität in so kurzer Zeit, und mit einer Vielzahl an zusätzlichen Informationen über die anatomischen Strukturen, die Ursache einer akuten hämodynamischen Instabilität zu diagnostizieren. Es besteht die Möglichkeit, zunächst nicht invasiv transthorakal und bei schlechter Abbildungsqualität auch wenig invasiv transösophageal vorzugehen. Dabei kann auch der mit diesem Verfahren weniger Erfahrene mit einer übersichtlichen Anzahl an Standardschnitten die wesentlichen Differenzialdiagnosen der akuten hämodynamischen Instabilität detektieren. Dabei sollte ausgehend von der ersten Standardeinstellung, der parasternalen kurzen Achse in der transthorakalen Echokardiographie (TTE) oder dem transgastralen mittpapillären Kurzachsenblick in der transösphagealen Echokardiographie (TEE), je nach vorliegender Pathologie eine selektive Erweiterung der Standardschnitte durchgeführt werden.

Abstract

In light of the growing proportion of illness in the general population, the complexity of modern surgery requires precise perioperative hemodynamic monitoring. Echocardiography has emerged over the past 15 years as an especially valuable diagnostic instrument for intensive medicine. No other monitoring technique provides in such a short time, with so little invasiveness, so much additional anatomic information for determining the cause of acute hemodynamic instability. There is of course the possibility of proceeding transthoracally at first, with poor imaging quality but noninvasively, or transesophageally. However, perioperative hemodynamic monitoring allows even less experienced operators to detect the various differential diagnoses of acute hemodynamic instability with an easily managed number of standard images. Starting from the first standard settings, depending on pathology the imaging should continue selectively with transthoracal echocardiography in the short parasternal axis or transesophageal echocardiography in the transgastral short midpapillary axis.

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Hainer, C., Bernhard, M., Scheuren, K. et al. Echokardiographie bei akuter hämodynamischer Instabilität. Anaesthesist 55, 1117–1132 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-006-1094-4

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