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Unklare intraoperative kardiorespiratorische Dekompensation

Ist es eine Anaphylaxie?

Unclear intraoperative cardiorespiratory decompensation

Anaphylactic reaction?

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Zusammenfassung

Im Rahmen einer Narkose wird der Patient innerhalb kurzer Zeit mit einer Reihe von potenziell allergenen Substanzen konfrontiert, die bei bestehender Sensibilisierung eine anaphylaktische Reaktion auslösen können. Außerdem werden verschiedene Medikamente verabreicht, die über nichtimmunologische Mechanismen, wie z. B. eine direkte Histaminfreisetzung aus Mastzellen klinisch wirksam sein können. Initiale Symptome des allergischen Schocks, wie Hypotension und Tachykardie, können dabei durch den Anästhesisten fehlgedeutet werden und sowohl Diagnosestellung als auch Behandlung verzögern. Im akuten Ereignis ist die Anaphylaxie nicht immer sicher differenzialdiagnostisch von anderen schwer wiegenden Erkrankungen, wie z. B. kardialen Ereignissen oder der Lungenembolie, abzugrenzen. Wir berichten über einen Fall präoperativer Anaphylaxie auf Ampicillin nach Narkoseeinleitung, die eine intensivmedizinische Nachbehandlung erforderte. Die Diagnose konnte trotz korrekter Asservierung von Mastzelltryptase letztendlich erst durch die kutane Testung gesichert werden. Grundsätzlich sollte man bei allen unklaren Symptomen einer akuten hämodynamischen Instabilität, bronchialen Obstruktion und/oder Flushsymptomatik während der Anästhesie an die Möglichkeit der Anaphylaxie denken und eine postoperative allergologische Diagnostik veranlassen, um fatale Verläufe bei Reexposition der Patienten zu verhindern.

Abstract

During anaesthesia a patient is exposed to a variety of substances, all of which could lead to anaphylactic reactions. In addition, other drugs may exert clinical side-effects by non-immunological mechanisms, e.g. by direct stimulation of the release of histamine by mast cells. Initially, the observed symptoms, such as hypotension or tachycardia, may be misunderstood by the anaesthetist, leading to a possible delay in diagnosis and subsequent treatment of the anaphylactic event. Cardiac ischemia and lung embolisms are important differential diagnoses that often cannot be definitely ruled out during the acute situation and that have to be followed up once the patient has been stabilised. We report a case of anaphylactic reaction after the administration of ampicillin which required treatment and ventilation in the intensive care unit. Despite an accurate determination of serum tryptase levels, the diagnosis of an anaphylactic reaction to ampicillin was eventually confirmed by skin testing. During anaesthesia, anaesthetists should consider anaphylaxis when unforeseen symptoms such as bronchospasm, haemodynamical instability and/or flush arise. In cases of unexpected reactions, patients should undergo allergological follow-up to prevent fatal re-exposure.

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Iblher, P., Rotter, N., Grabbe, J. et al. Unklare intraoperative kardiorespiratorische Dekompensation. Anaesthesist 54, 895–901 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-005-0869-3

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