![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00101-003-0587-7/MediaObjects/s00101-003-0587-7flc1.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00101-003-0587-7/MediaObjects/s00101-003-0587-7flc2.gif)
Literatur
Angus DC, Birmingham MC, Balk RA et al. (2000) E5 murine monoclonal antiendotoxin antibody in gram-negative sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. E5 Study Investigators. JAMA 283:1723–1730
Bauer M, Rensing H, Ziegenfuss T (1998) Anästhesie und perioperative Immunfunktion. Anaesthesist 47:538–556
Baumgartner JD (1991) Immunotherapy with antibodies to core lipopolysaccharide: a critical appraisal. Infect Dis Clin North Am 5:915–927
Bohrer H, Qiu F, Zimmermann T et al. (1997) Role of NFkappaB in the mortality of sepsis. J Clin Invest 100:972–985
Boivin A, Mesrobeanu L, Mesrobeanu I (1933) Technique pour la preparation des polysaccharides micobiens specific. Compt Rend Soc Biol 113:490–492
Bone RC, Balk RA, Fein AM et al. (1995) A second large controlled clinical study of E5, a monoclonal antibody to endotoxin: results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. The E5 Sepsis Study Group. Crit Care Med 23:994–1006
Bunnell E, Lynn M, Habet K et al. (2000) A lipid A analog, E5531, blocks the endotoxin response in human volunteers with experimental endotoxemia. Crit Care Med 28:2713–2720
Calandra T, Glauser MP, Schellekens J, Verhoef J (1988) Treatment of gram-negative septic shock with human IgG antibody to Escherichia coli J5: a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. J Infect Dis 158:312–319
Centanni E (1894) Untersuchungen über das Infektionsfieber. Das Fiebergift der Bacterien. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 20:148–150
Danner RL, Elin RJ, Hosseini JM, Wesley RA, Reilly JM, Parillo JE (1991) Endotoxemia in human septic shock. Chest 99:169–175
Deuren M van, Brandtzaeg P, Meer JW van der (2000) Update on meningococcal disease with emphasis on pathogenesis and clinical management. Clin Microbiol Rev 13:144–166
Deventer S van, Buller HR, Cate J ten, Sturk A, Pauw W (1988) Endotoxaemia: an early predictor of septicaemia in febrile patients. Lancet 1:605–609
Devleeschouwer MJ, Cornil MF, Dony J (1985) Studies on the sensitivity and specificity of the Limulus amebocyte lysate test and rabbit pyrogen assays. Appl Environ Microbiol 50:1509–1511
Elin RJ, Robinson RA, Levine AS, Wolff SM (1975) Lack of clinical usefulness of the limulus test in the diagnosis of endotoxemia. N Engl J Med 293:521–524
Elsbach P, Weiss J (1998) Role of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein in host defence. Curr Opin Immunol 10:45–49
Farmer TW (1948) Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in early syphilis: treatment with crystaline penicillin G. JAMA 138:480–485
Fekade D, Knox K, Hussein K, Melka A, Lalloo DG, Coxon RE, Warrell DA (1996) Prevention of Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions by treatment with antibodies against tumor necrosis factor alpha. N Engl J Med 335:311–315
Frevert CW, Matute-Bello G, Skerrett SJ, Goodman RB, Kajikawa O, Sittipunt C, Martin TR (2000) Effect of CD14 blockade in rabbits with Escherichia coli pneumonia and sepsis. J Immunol 164:5439–5445
Galloway RE, Levin J, Butler T et al. (1977) Activation of protein mediators of inflammation and evidence for endotoxemia in Borrelia recurrentis infection. Am J Med 63:933–938
Giroir BP, Quint PA, Barton P et al. (1997) Preliminary evaluation of recombinant amino-terminal fragment of human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein in children with severe meningococcal sepsis. Lancet 350:1439–1443
Greenman RL, Schein RM, Martin MA et al. (1991) A controlled clinical trial of E5 murine monoclonal IgM antibody to endotoxin in the treatment of gram-negative sepsis. The XOMA Sepsis Study Group. JAMA 266:1097–1102
Grundmann U, Rensing H, Adams HA, Falk S, Wendler O, Ebinger N, Bauer M (2000) Endotoxin desensitization of human mononuclear cells after cardiopulmonary bypass: role of humoral factors. Anesthesiology 93:359–369
Harbarth S, Ferriere K, Hugonnet S, Ricou B, Suter P, Pittet D. (2002) Epidemiology and prognostic determinants of bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care. Arch Surg 137:1353–1359
Haziot A, Rong GW, Lin XY, Silver J, Goyert SM (1995) Recombinant soluble CD14 prevents mortality in mice treated with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). J Immunol 154:6529–6532
Haziot A, Ferrero E, Kontgen F et al. (1996) Resistance to endotoxin shock and reduced dissemination of gram-negative bacteria in CD14-deficient mice. Immunity 4:407–414
Heagy W, Hansen C, Nieman K, Cohen M, Richardson C, Rodriguez JL, West MA (2000) Impaired ex vivo lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood tumor necrosis factor production may identify „septic“ intensive care unit patients. Shock 14:271–276
J5 study Group (1992) Treatment of severe infectious purpura in children with human plasma from donors immunized with Escherichia coli J5: a prospective double-blind study. J Infect Dis 165:695–701
Jackson JJ, Kropp H (1992) beta-Lactam antibiotic-induced release of free endotoxin: in vitro comparison of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2-specific imipenem and PBP 3-specific ceftazidime. J Infect Dis 165:1033–1041
Kirsch EA, Barton RP, Kitchen L, Giroir BP (1996) Pathophysiology, treatment and outcome of meningococcemia: a review and recent experience. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15:967–978
Kollef MH, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ (1999) Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest 115:462–474
Lepper PM, Held TK, Schneider EM, Bolke E, Gerlach H, Trautmann M (2002) Clinical implications of antibiotic-induced endotoxin release in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 28:824–833
Leturcq DJ, Moriarty AM, Talbott G, Winn RK, Martin TR, Ulevitch RJ (1996) Antibodies against CD14 protect primates from endotoxin-induced shock. J Clin Invest 98:1533–1538
Levin J, Bang FB (1968) Clottable protein in Limulus; its localization and kinetics of its coagulation by endotoxin. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 19:186–197
Levin M, Quint PA, Goldstein B et al. (2000) Recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBPI21) as adjunctive treatment for children with severe meningococcal sepsis: a randomised trial. rBPI21 Meningococcal Sepsis Study Group. Lancet 356:961–967
Libermann TA, Baltimore D (1990) Activation of interleukin-6 gene expression through the NF-kappa B transcription factor. Mol Cell Biol 10:2327–2334
Lyytikainen O, Lumio J, Sarkkinen H, Kolho E, Kostiala A, Ruutu P (2002) Nosocomial bloodstream infections in Finnish hospitals during 1999–2000. Clin Infect Dis 35:e14–19
Marra MN, Thornton MB, Snable JL, Wilde CG, Scott RW (1994) Endotoxin-binding and -neutralizing properties of recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and monoclonal antibodies HA-1A and E5. Crit Care Med 22:559–565
McCloskey RV, Straube RC, Sanders C, Smith SM, Smith CR (1994) Treatment of septic shock with human monoclonal antibody HA-1A. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. CHESS Trial Study Group. Ann Intern Med 121:1–5
Michie HR, Manogue KR, Spriggs DR et al. (1988) Detection of circulating tumor necrosis factor after endotoxin administration. N Engl J Med 318:1481–1486
Mock CN, Jurkovich GJ, Dries DJ, Maier RV (1995) Clinical significance of antibiotic endotoxin-releasing properties in trauma patients. Arch Surg 130:1234–1240
Opal SM, Yu RLJ (1998) Antiendotoxin strategies for the prevention and treatment of septic shock. New approaches and future directions. Drugs 55:497–508
Opal SM, Gluck T (2003) Endotoxin as a drug target. Crit Care Med 31:S57–64
Opal SM, Scannon PJ, Vincent JL et al. (1999) Relationship between plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. J Infect Dis 180:1584–1589
Poltorak A, He X, Smirnova I et al. (1998) Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 282:2085–2088
Rensing H, Bauer M (2001) Multiorganversagen. Mechanismen, klinische Manifestation und Therapiestrategien. Anaesthesist 50:819–841
Rietschel ET, Brade H, Brade L et al. (1987) Lipid A, the endotoxic center of bacterial lipopolysaccharides: relation of chemical structure to biological activity. Prog Clin Biol Res 231:25–53
Simpson AJ, Opal SM, Angus BJ et al. (2000) Differential antibiotic-induced endotoxin release in severe melioidosis. J Infect Dis 181:1014–1019
Suffredini AF, Fromm RE, Parker MM, Brenner M, Kovacs JA, Wesley RA, Parrillo JE (1989) The cardiovascular response of normal humans to the administration of endotoxin. N Engl J Med 321:280–287
Suffredini AF, Harpel PC, Parrillo JE (1989) Promotion and subsequent inhibition of plasminogen activation after administration of intravenous endotoxin to normal subjects. N Engl J Med 320:1165–1172
The French National Registry of HA-1A (Centoxin) in septic shock (1994) A cohort study of 600 patients. The National Committee for the Evaluation of Centoxin. Arch Intern Med 154:2484–2491
The Intravenous Immunoglobulin Collaborative Study Group (1992) Prophylactic intravenous administration of standard immune globulin as compared with core-lipopolysaccharide immune globulin in patients at high risk of postsurgical infection. N Engl J Med 327:234–240
Thomas LL, Sturk A, Kahle LH, Cate JW ten (1981) Quantitative endotoxin determination in blood with a chromogenic substrate. Clin Chim Acta 116:63–68
Trautmann M, Heinemann M, Zick R, Moricke A, Seidelmann M, Berger D (1998) Antibacterial activity of meropenem against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including antibiotic-induced morphological changes and endotoxin-liberating effects. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 17:754–760
Ulevitch RJ (2001) New therapeutic targets revealed through investigations of innate immunity. Crit Care Med 29:S8–12
Verbon A, Dekkers PE, Hove T ten et al. (2001) IC14, an anti-CD14 antibody, inhibits endotoxin-mediated symptoms and inflammatory responses in humans. J Immunol 166:3599–3605
Ziegenfuss T, Wanner GA, Grass C et al. (1999) Mixed agonistic-antagonistic cytokine response in whole blood from patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Intensive Care Med 25:279–287
Ziegler EJ, McCutchan JA, Fierer J, Glauser MP, Sadoff JC, Douglas H, Braude AI (1982) Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and shock with human antiserum to a mutant Escherichia coli. N Engl J Med 307:1225–1230
Ziegler EJ, Fisher CJJ, Sprung CL et al. (1991) Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock with HA-1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The HA-1A Sepsis Study Group. N Engl J Med 324:429–436
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rensing, H. Endotoxin. Anaesthesist 52 (Suppl 1), S7–S13 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-003-0587-7
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-003-0587-7